Danaini

Belongs within: Nymphalidae.
Contains: Euploea, Danaus.

The Danaini include the milkweed butterflies, a pantropical group of butterflies that sequester distasteful compounds from their host plants as larvae. Both larvae and adults are boldly patterned in aposematic colours.

Characteristics (from Wahlberg & Brower): Adult males with eversible abdominal androconial structures (hairpencils). Larvae usually aposematic, possessing fleshy tubercles on at least the second and eleventh segments. All species sequestering compounds from their larval host plants (cardenolides and pyrrolizidine alkaloids) making them distasteful to predators.

<==Danaini
    |  i. s.: Didonis Hübner 1816B66b
    |           `--D. biblis (Fabricius 1775)S55
    |--+--ItuinaJ03
    |  |    |--Anetia thirza (Geyer & Hübner 1805)J03, FS54
    |  |    `--LycoreaJ03
    |  |         |--L. ceresS72
    |  |         |    |--L. c. ceresS72
    |  |         |    `--L. c. atergatisS72
    |  |         `--L. cleobaeaFS54
    |  |              |--L. c. cleobaeaFS54
    |  |              `--L. c. atergatis Doubleday, Hewiston & Westwood 1847FS54
    |  `--+--ProtoploeaJ03
    |     |--EuploeaJ03
    |     `--IdeaJ03
    |          |--I. idea [=Danaus (Idea) idea]G20
    |          |--I. leuconoeS72
    |          `--I. tambusisianaV-WF03
    `--+--AmaurisWWN03 [AmaurinaJ03]
       |    |--A. albimaculataB01b
       |    |--A. ansorgeiB01b
       |    |--A. dominicanusB01a
       |    |--A. elliottiWWN03
       |    `--A. ochleaB01a
       `--+--TiradelpheJ03
          |--DanausJ03
          `--Tirumala Moore 1880J03, B00
               |--T. hamata (Macleay 1826)B00 [=Danaus hamatusB00, Euploea hamataB66a]
               |    |--T. h. hamataPP02
               |    `--T. h. neptunicaPP02
               `--T. petiveranaB01b

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B66a] Butler, A. G. 1866a. Monograph of the diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the genus Danais, being a revision of the insects of that genus, with descriptions of new species in the National Collection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 43–59.

[B66b] Butler, A. G. 1866b. A monograph of the diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the genus Euploea, with descriptions of many new species; founded principally on the specimens in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 268–302.

[B01a] Butler, A. G. 1901a. An account of a collection of butterflies made by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers between Mombasa and the forests of Taveta. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 22–35.

[B01b] Butler, A. G. 1901b. An account of a collection of butterflies obtained by Lord Delamere, chiefly at Munisu, near Mount Kenya. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 197–203.

[FS54] Franz, E., & H. Schröder. 1954. Tagfalter (Lep. Rhopalocera) aus El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35: 75–87.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[J03] Jong, R. de. 2003. Are there butterflies with Gondwanan ancestry in the Australian region? Invertebrate Systematics 17: 143–156.

[PP02] Patrick, B., & H. Patrick. 2002. Butterflies of Fiji. Weta 24: 5–12.

[S55] Schröder, H. 1955. Eine Falter-Ausbeute aus dem westlichen Bolivien. (Ins. Lepid. Rhopal.) Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 329–338.

[S72] Shields, O. 1972. Flower visitation records for butterflies (Lepidoptera). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (3): 189–203.

[V-WF03] Vane-Wright, R. I., & H. Fermon. 2003. Taxonomy and identification of Lohora Moore (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae), the Sulawesi bush browns. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 129–141.

[WWN03] Wahlberg, N., E. Weingartner & S. Nylin. 2003. Towards a better understanding of the higher systematics of Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 473–484.