Malvales

Belongs within: Malvidae.
Contains: Thymelaeaceae, Malvaceae, Cistaceae, Dipterocarpaceae.

The Malvales are a clade of flowering plants supported by molecular data as well as by morphological characters of many members of the clade. Among the species of the smaller families in the clade, Bixa orellana (achiote) is the source of red colouring used in food. The Neuradaceae are a small assemblage of small herbaceous or subwoody plants found in warm desert areas of Africa and Asia. The Sarcolaenaceae are a group of trees and shrubs endemic to Madagascar, characterised by flowers subtended by a massive involucre (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website).

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Flavones, myricetin present; mucilage cells present; corolla contorted; disc absent; style long; ovules few/carpel; exotegmen much thickened and lignified, palisade.

<==Malvales
    |  i. s.: Hudsonia tomentosaNDA05
    |         Florissantia physalisT00, CBH93
    |         CytinaceaeAPG16
    |           |--CytinusT00
    |           `--BdallophytonT00
    |--NeuradaceaeWM09
    |    |--GrieliumT00
    |    |--Neurada procumbensBAN98
    |    `--NeuradopsisT00
    `--+--+--ThymelaeaceaeWM09
       |  `--MalvaceaeWM09
       `--CistineaeT00
            |  i. s.: Diegodendron [Diegodendraceae]T00
            |         CochlospermaceaeT00
            |           |--AmoreuxiaT00
            |           `--CochlospermumT00
            |                |--C. fraseriVT13
            |                |--C. gillivraei Benth. 1863 [=C. gillivrayi; incl. C. gillivraei var. papuanum Bak. f. 1923]C81b
            |                |--C. religiosumP03
            |                `--C. vitifoliumMM96
            |         Sphaerosepalaceae [Rhopalocarpaceae]T00
            |           |--DialycerasT00
            |           `--RhopalocarpusT00
            |         MuntingiaceaeT00
            |           |--Muntingia calaburaBAN98
            |           |--DicraspidiaT00
            |           `--NeotessmanniaT00
            |--Bixaceae [Bixineae]WM09
            |    |--Bixa orellana L. 1753C81a
            |    |--Scolopioidea palaeocenica Langeron 1899CBH93
            |    |--BergsmiaT-W89
            |    `--TaraktogenosT-W89
            `--+--CistaceaeWM09
               `--+--DipterocarpaceaeWM09
                  `--SarcolaenaceaeAPG16
                       |--SarcolaenaAPG16
                       `--LeptolaenaAPG16

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315–330.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C81a] Croft, J. 1981a. Bixaceae. In: Henty, E. E. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 2 pp. 1–3. Melbourne University Press.

[C81b] Croft, J. R. 1981b. Cochlospermaceae. In: Henty, E. E. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 2 pp. 28–30. Melbourne University Press.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the “Maltese mushroom” Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[T-W89] Tenison-Woods, J. E. 1889. On the vegetation of Malaysia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 4 (1): 9–106, pls 1–9.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[VT13] Vigilante, T., J. Toohey, A. Gorring, V. Blundell, T. Saunders, S. Mangolamara, K. George, J. Oobagooma, M. Waina, K. Morgan & K. Doohan. 2013. Island country: aboriginal connections, values and knowledge of the Western Australian Kimberley islands in the context of an island biological survey. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 145–182.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.