Aconoidasida

Belongs within: Sporozoa.

The Aconoidasida are a group of sporozoans lacking the conoid in at least the asexual stages of the life cycle; members of this group include species of significance to human such as malaria-causing Plasmodium and Theileria causing diseases in livestock. Within the clade, members of the Haemosporida possess ciliated microgametes and a motile zygote with a conoid whereas Piroplasmorida lack cilia and conoids at all stages of the life cycle (Adl et al. 2012).

Characters (from Adl et al. 2019): Apical complex lacking conoid in asexual motile stages; some diploid motile zygotes (ookinetes) with conoid; macrogametes and microgametes forming independently; heteroxenous.

<==Aconoidasida [Haematozoa]AS12
    |--NephromycidaAB19
    |    |--Cardiosporidium cionaeAB19, SM10
    |    `--Nephromyces Giard 1888 [Nephromycida, Nephromycidae]SM10
    |--Haemospororida [Haemosporea, Haemosporidia]AS12
    |    |--Haemoproteus [Haemoproteidae]JG19
    |    |    |--H. columbaeE-KOS07
    |    |    `--H. valkiunasi Merino et al. 2012JG19
    |    |--Leucocytozoon simondiAS12, K92
    |    |--MesniliumAS12
    |    |--Polychromophilus dionisiG10
    |    |--Bioccala deaneiG10
    |    |--DionisiaAB19
    |    |--HaemocystidiumAB19
    |    |--HepatocystisAB19
    |    |--NycteriaAB19
    |    |--ParahaemoproteusAB19
    |    |--SaurocytozoonAB19
    |    `--PlasmodiumAS12
    |         |--P. bergheiSM03
    |         |--P. brasilianumE83
    |         |--P. chabaudiGLB04
    |         |--P. cynomolgiNMR-H99
    |         |--P. falciparumLCK03
    |         |--P. gallinaceumPB96
    |         |--P. knowlesiE83
    |         |--P. malariaePHK96
    |         |--P. melaniferumKK54
    |         |--P. mexicanum Thompson & Huff 1944NR64
    |         |--P. ovalePHK96
    |         |--P. reichenowiGLB04
    |         |--P. relictumD05
    |         |--P. rodhainiE83
    |         |--P. schwetziE83
    |         |--P. vivaxC-SC04
    |         `--P. yoeliiGLB04
    `--Piroplasmorida [Aconoidina, Piroplasmea, Piroplasmomorphina]AS12
         |  i. s.: AnthemosomaAB19
         |         EchinozoonAB19
         |         Haemohormidium terraenovaeAB19, K-M02
         |         SauroplasmaAB19
         |         SerpentoplasmaAB19
         |--+--Cytauxzoon felisSM10
         |  `--Theileria [Theileriidae]SM10
         |       |--T. annulataE-KOS07
         |       |--T. buffeliFKK91
         |       |--T. hirciLC96
         |       |--T. lestoquardiSM10
         |       |--T. mutansMPV91
         |       |--T. orientalisFKK91
         |       |--T. parvaSM10
         |       `--T. sergentiFKK91
         `--BabesiaSM10
              |--B. bigemminaE-KOS07
              |--B. bovisLCK03
              |--B. caballiLC96
              |--B. divergensGK01
              |--B. equiPB96
              |--B. gibsoniMO08
              |--B. majorLL96
              |--B. microtiGK01
              |--B. motasiLC96
              |--B. odocoileiSM10
              |--B. ovataLC96
              `--B. rodhainiNMR-H99

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[AB19] Adl, S. M., D. Bass, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov, S. Agatha, C. Berney, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, P. Cárdenas, I. Čepička, L. Chistyakova, J. del Campo, M. Dunthorn, B. Edvardsen, Y. Eglit, L. Guillou, V. Hampl, A. A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, T. Y. James, A. Karnkowska, S. Karpov, E. Kim, M. Kolisko, A. Kudryavtsev, D. J. G. Lahr, E. Lara, L. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. Massana, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. Morrow, J. S. Park, J. W. Pawlowski, M. J. Powell, D. J. Richter, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, S. Shimano, F. W. Spiegel, G. Torruella, N. Youssef, V. Zlatogursky & Q. Zhang. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119.

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[C-SC04] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E. Chao. 2004. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.) European Journal of Protistology 40: 185–212.

[D05] Derraik, J. G. B. 2005. Recommendations for mosquito control in zoological parks to reduce disease transmission risk. Weta 29: 16–20.

[E-KOS07] El-Kammah, K. M., L. M. I. Oyoun & S. A. Shafy. 2007. The role of Argas persicus (Acari: Ixodoidea) in the maintenance and transmission of Haemoproteus columbae and Borrelia anserina to poultry. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 215–221. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[E83] Ewald, P. W. 1983. Host-parasite relations, vectors, and the evolution of disease severity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14: 465–485.

[FKK91] Fujisaki, K., T. Kamio & S. Kawazu. 1991. Theileria sergenti cannot be regarded as the same species as T. buffeli and T. orientalis because of its transmissibility only by Kaiseriana ticks. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 233–237. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[G10] Graciolli, G. 2010. Nycteribiidae (bat flies, spider bat flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1261–1266. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[GK01] Gray, J. S., & O. Kahl. 2001. Ticks as vectors of zoonotic pathogens in Europe. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 547–551. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[GLB04] Gray, M. W., B. F. Lang & G. Burger. 2004. Mitochondria of protists. Annual Review of Genetics 38: 477–524.

[JG19] James, D. J., P. T. Green, W. F. Humphreys & J. C. Z. Woinarski. 2019. Endemic species of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Records of the Western Australian Museum 34 (2): 55–114.

[K-M02] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002. Cods. Family Gadidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 223–261. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3–4): 121–135.

[K92] Krylov, M. V. 1992. The origin of heteroxeny in Sporozoa. Parazitologiya 26 (5): 361–368.

[LCK03] Leander, B. S., R. E. Clopton & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Phylogeny of gregarines (Apicomplexa) as inferred from small-subunit rDNA and β-tubulin. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 345–354.

[LC96] Li, D., & Q. Chen. 1996. Studies on piroplasmoses and the tick (Ixodidae) vectors in China. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 469–471. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[LL96] Liebisch, A., & G. Liebisch. 1996. Hard ticks (Ixodidae) biting humans in Germany and their infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 465–468. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[MO08] Moore, R. B., M. Oborník, J. Janouškovec, T. Chrudimský, M. Vancová, D. H. Green, S. W. Wright, N. W. Davies, C. J. S. Bolch, K. Heimann, J. Šlapeta, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J. M. Logsdon, Jr. & D. A. Carter. 2008. A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites. Nature 451: 959–963.

[MPV91] Mwase, E. T., R. G. Pegram & M. G. R. Varma. 1991. The development and survival of Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius (Acari: Ixodidae) under quasi-natural conditions in Zimbabwe. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 239–244. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[NR64] Newell, I. M., & R. E. Ryckman. 1964. Hirstiella pyriformis sp. n. (Acari, Pterygosomidae), a new parasite of lizards from Baja California. Journal of Parasitology 50 (1): 163–171.

[NMR-H99] Norén, F., Ø. Moestrup & A.-S. Rehnstam-Holm. 1999. Parvilucifera infectans Norén et Moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae. European Journal of Protistology 35: 233–254.

[PB96] Pawlowski, J., I. Bolivar, J. F. Fahrni, T. Cavalier-Smith & M. Gouy. 1996. Early origin of Foraminifera suggested by SSU rRNA gene sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13 (3): 445–450.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[SM10] Saffo, M. B., A. M. McCoy, C. Rieken & C. H. Slamovits. 2010. Nephromyces, a beneficial apicomplexan symbiont in marine animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (37): 16190–16195.

[SM03] Saldarriaga, J. F., M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Taylor & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 355–365.