Aizoaceae

Belongs within: Phytolaccineae.
Contains: Mesembryanthemoideae.

The Aizoaceae, ice daisies, are a group of primarily subtropical, often more or less succulent plants with radial, daisy-like flowers. New Zealand spinach Tetragonia tetragonioides is a native of coastal regions of the Pacific that has become cultivated as a pot herb.

Characters (Hickman 1993): Annual, perennial, or shrub, generally fleshy. Stem underground or prostrate to erect. Leaves generally simple, generally cauline, generally opposite; stipule generally absent; blade generally glabrous, often glaucous. Infloresnce a cyme or flower solitary. Flower generally bisexual, radial; hypanthium present; sepals 3–8; petals generally many in several whorls, free or fused at base, linear, sometimes absent; stamens 1–many, free or fused in groups, outer often petal-like; nectary a ring or separate glands; pistil 1, ovary superior to inferior, chambers 1–20, placentas generally parietal, styles 0–20, stigmas 1–20. Fruit generally a capsule, opening by flaps or circumscissile, or berry or nut. Seeds 1–many per chamber, often with aril.

<==Aizoaceae [Ficoidaceae, Ficoideae]
    |--SesuvioideaeKRH03
    |    |--Sesuvium L. 1959PV84
    |    |    |--*S. portulacastrum (L.) L. 1759 [=Portulaca portulacastrum L. 1753]PV84
    |    |    `--S. verrucosumH93
    |    |--Zaleya Burman 1768M99, PV84
    |    |    |--*Z. decandra (L.) Burman 1768PV84
    |    |    `--Z. galericulata (Melville) Eichler 1965PV84 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--Trianthema L. 1753M99, PV84
    |         |--*T. portulacastrum L. 1753 [=T. monogyna L. 1767 (nom. illeg.)]PV84
    |         |--T. compacta White 1919PV84
    |         |--T. crystallinaVB02
    |         |--T. cussackiana Muell. 1895PV84
    |         |--T. cypseleoides (Fenzl) Benth. 1867 [=Ancistrostigma cypseleoides Fenzl in Endl. & Fenzl 1839]PV84
    |         |--T. glossostigma Muell. 1884PV84
    |         |--T. hereroensisCV06
    |         |--T. megasperma Prescott 1983PV84
    |         |--T. oxycalyptra Muell. 1859PV84
    |         |    |--T. o. var. oxycalyptra [=T. oxycalyptra var. pedunculata Muell. 1859 (nom. illeg.)]PV84
    |         |    `--T. o. var. sessiliflora Muell. 1859PV84
    |         |--T. patellitecta Prescott 1983PV84
    |         |--T. pentandraD17
    |         |    |--T. p. var. pentandraD17
    |         |    `--T. p. var. hirtulaD17
    |         |--T. pilosa Muell. 1859PV84
    |         |--T. rhynchoalyptra Muell. 1859PV84
    |         |--T. triquetra Willd. 1803PV84 (see below for synonymy)
    |         `--T. turgidifolia Muell. 1876PV84
    `--+--+--MesembryanthemoideaeKRH03
       |  `--Gibbaeum [Hymenogynoideae]KRH03
       |       `--G. haagleniiKRH03
       `--+--TetragonioideaeKRH03
          |    |--TribulocarpusT00
          |    `--Tetragonia Linnaeus 1753A61
          |         |--*T. fruticosa L. 1753PV84
          |         |--T. cristata Gardner ex Prescott 1983PV84
          |         |--T. decumbens Miller 1768 [incl. T. zeyheri Fenzl in Harvey 1862]PV84
          |         |--T. diptera Muell. 1878PV84
          |         |--T. eremaea Ostenf. 1921PV84
          |         |--T. implexicoma (Miq.) Hook. 1856 (see below for synonymy)PV84
          |         |--T. micropteraH90
          |         |--T. nigrescens Ecklon & Zeyher 1837 [incl. T. heterophylla Ecklon & Zeyher 1837]PV84
          |         |--T. rangeanaCV06
          |         |--T. schenckiiCV06
          |         |--T. tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze 1891PV84 (see below for synonymy)
          |         `--T. trigyna Banks & Sol. ex Hook. f. 1864 [incl. T. implexicoma var. chathamica Muell. 1864]A61
          `--AizooideaeKRH03
               |--Cypselea humifusaH93
               |--AizoonCV06
               |    |--A. canarienseD17
               |    |--A. giessiiCV06
               |    `--A. glinoidesF92
               `--Gunniopsis Pax 1889H90, PV84
                    |--*G. quadrifida (Muell.) Pax 1889 (see below for synonymy)PV84
                    |--G. calcarea Chinnock 1983PV84
                    |--G. calva Chinnock 1983PV84
                    |--G. divisa Chinnock 1983PV84
                    |--G. glabra (Luehm. ex Ewart) Gardner 1930 [=Aizoon glabrum Luehm. ex Ewart 1908]PV84
                    |--G. intermedia Diels 1904 [=Aizoon intermedium (Diels) Ewart 1908]PV84
                    |--G. kochii (Wagner) Chinnock 1983 [=Aizoon kochii Wagner 1904]PV84
                    |--G. papillata Chinnock 1983PV84
                    |--G. propinqua Chinnock 1983PV84
                    |--G. rodwayi (Ewart) Gardner 1930 [=Aizoon rodwayi Ewart 1908]PV84
                    |--G. rubra Chinnock 1983PV84
                    |--G. septifraga (Muell.) Chinnock 1983 (see below for synonymy)PV84
                    |--G. tenuifolia Chinnock 1983PV84
                    `--G. zygophylloides (Muell.) Diels 1904 [=Aizoon zygophylloides Muell. 1871]PV84

Aizoaceae incertae sedis:
  Dorotheanthus bellidiformisKRH03, PT01
  CleretumKRH03
  GlischrothamnusKRH03
  AizoanthemumCV06
    |--A. dinteriCV06
    |--A. galenioidesCV06
    `--A. rehmannii [incl. A. membrumconnectens]CV06
  Papularia Forssk. 1775KC01
  Carpanthea Br. 1925PV84
    `--*C. pomeridiana (L.) Br. 1925 [=Mesembryanthemum pomeridianum L. 1762]PV84

*Gunniopsis quadrifida (Muell.) Pax 1889 [=Sesuvium quadrifidum Muell. 1859, Aizoon quadrifidum (Muell.) Muell. 1861]^PV84

Gunniopsis septifraga (Muell.) Chinnock 1983 [=Gunnia septifraga Muell. 1859, Neogunnia septifraga (Muell.) Pax & Hoffm. 1934; incl. Gunnia drummondii Benth. 1867, N. drummondii (Benth.) Pax & Hoffm. 1934]^PV84

Tetragonia implexicoma (Miq.) Hook. 1856 [=Tetragonella amplexicoma Miq. in Lehm. 1845; incl. Trianthema maidenii Moore 1920]^PV84

Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze 1891^PV84 [=Demidovia tetragonioides Pallas 1781^PV84, T. expansa Murray 1781 (nom. illeg.)^PV84; incl. T. cornuta Gaertn. 1791^A61, T. halimifolia Forst. f. 1786^A61, T. inermis Muell. 1853^A61]

Trianthema triquetra Willd. 1803^PV84 [incl. T. crystallina var. clavata Black 1923^PV84, T. triquetra var. clavata (Black) Eichler 1965^{H90, PV84}, T. glaucifolia Muell. 1859^PV84]

Zaleya galericulata (Melville) Eichler 1965^PV84 [=Trianthema galericulata Melville 1952^PV84; incl. T. australis Melville 1952^PV84, Zaleya galericulata ssp. australis^H90]

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[D17] Diels, L. 1917. Beiträge zur Flora der Zentral-Sahara und ihrer Pflanzengeographie. Nach der Sammelausbeute des Freiherrn Hans Geyr von Schweppenburg. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54 (Beiblatt 120): 51–155.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[KRH03] Klak, C., G. Reeves & T. Hedderson. 2003. Unmatched tempo of evolution in southern African semi-desert ice plants. Nature 427: 63–65.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[PV84] Prescott, A., & J. Venning. 1984. Aizoaceae. In: George, A. S. (ed.) Flora of Australia vol. 4. Phytolaccaceae to Chenopodiaceae pp. 19–62. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.