Belongs within: Phthiraptera.
The Anoplura are a group of lice that have the mouthparts modified for sucking. All anoplurans are parasites of mammals. Species associated with humans are the crab louse Pthirus pubis and the head and body louse Pediculus humanus. Other species in the families Linognathidae and Haematopinus are associated with livestock. Pediculus, Pthirus and Haematopinus retain distinct eyes or ocular points. Haematopinus has lensless ocular points only whereas Pediculus and Pthirus have developed eyes with lenses.
Synapomorphies (from Grimaldi & Engel 2005): All thoracic segments fused; meso- and metathoracic terga reduced; tentorium completely lost; hypopharynx and labium modified into piercing stylets.
<==Anoplura [Siphunculata]
|--NeolinognathidaeGE05
|--PedicinusA71 [PedicinidaeGE05]
|--HamophthiriidaeGE05
|--HybophthiridaeGE05
|--MicrothoraciusBE38 [MicrothoraciidaeGE05]
|--RatemiidaeGE05
|--Pecaroecus Babcock & Ewing 1938BE38 [PecaroecidaeGE05]
| `--*P. javalii Babcock & Ewing 1938BE38
|--Pthirus Leach 1815 [Pthiridae]PB96
| |--*P. pubis (Linnaeus 1758) [=Pediculus pubis]PB96
| `--P. gorillae Ewing 1927PB96
|--EnderleinellusS69 [EnderleinellidaeGE05]
| |--E. dremomydis Ferris 1919S69
| `--E. tamiasis Fahrenholz 1916S69
|--Haematopinus Leach 1815 [Haematopinidae]PB96
| |--*H. suis (Linnaeus 1758) [=Pediculus suis]PB96
| |--H. asini (Linnaeus 1758) [=Pediculus asini]PB96
| |--H. eurysternus (Nitzsch 1818) [=Pediculus eurysternus]PB96
| |--H. hesperomydis Osburn 1891S69
| |--H. quadripertusus Fahrenholz 1916PB96
| `--H. tuberculatus (Burmeister 1839) [=Pediculus tuberculatus]PB96
|--EchinophthiriidaeGE05
| |--Echinophthirius horridusGE05
| |--Lepidophthirus Enderlein 1904HPP80
| | `--*L. macrorhini Enderlein 1904PB96
| `--Antarctophthirus Enderlein 1906HPP80
| |--*A. ogmorhini Enderlein 1906PB96
| |--A. lobodontis Enderlein 1909PB96
| |--A. mawsoni Harrison 1937PB96
| `--A. microchir (Trouessart & Neumann 1888) [=Echinophthirius microchir]PB96
|--PolyplacidaeGE05
| |--Neohaematopinus relictusR02
| |--Haemodipsus Enderlein 1904PB96
| | |--*H. lyriocephalus (Burmeister 1839) [=Pediculus lyriocephalus]PB96
| | `--H. ventricosus (Denny 1842) [=Haematopinus ventricosus]PB96
| `--Polyplax Enderlein 1904PB96
| |--*P. spinulosa (Burmeister 1839) [=Pediculus spinulosa]PB96
| |--P. asiaticaGE05
| |--P. otomydis Cummings 1912S69
| `--P. serrata (Burmeister 1839) [=Pediculus serrata]PB96
|--LinognathidaeGE05
| |--Solenopotes Enderlein 1904PB96
| | |--*S. capillatus Enderlein 1904PB96
| | `--S. muntiacusGE05
| `--Linognathus Enderlein 1905 [=Trichaulus Enderlein 1904 non Mayr 1885]PB96
| |--*L. setosus (von Olfers 1816) [=Pediculus setosus, *Trichaulus setosus]PB96
| |--L. ovillus (Neumann 1907) [=Haematopinus ovillus]PB96
| |--L. pedalis (Osborn 1896) [=Haematopinus pedalis]PB96
| |--L. stenopsis (Burmeister 1838) [=Pediculus stenopsis]PB96
| `--L. vituli (Linnaeus 1758) [=Pediculus vituli]PB96
|--Hoplopleura Enderlein 1904 [Hoplopleuridae]PB96
| |--*H. acanthopus (Burmeister 1839) [=Pediculus acanthopus]PB96
| |--H. apomydis Ferris 1921S69
| |--H. bidentata (Neumann 1909) [=Haematopinus bidentatus]PB96
| |--H. calabyi Johnson 1960PB96
| |--H. cornata Kim 1972PB96
| |--H. gyomydis Kuhn & Ludwig 1966PB96
| |--H. irritans Kuhn & Ludwig 1966PB96
| |--H. mastacomydis Kuhn & Ludwig 1966PB96
| |--H. pacifica Ewing 1924PB96
| |--H. scapteromydis Ronderos 1965L07
| |--H. uromydis Kuhn & Ludwig 1966PB96
| `--H. zelotomydis Johnson 1960S69
`--Pediculus Linnaeus 1758S61 [PediculidaeGE05]
|--*P. humanus Linnaeus 1758PB96 [incl. P. h. capitis De Geer 1778GE05, PB96, P. h. corporisA71, P. h. vestimentiA71]
|--P. apis Linnaeus 1758L58
|--P. cameli Linnaeus 1758L58
|--P. cervi Linnaeus 1758L58
|--P. cervicalisR26
|--P. ciconiae Linnaeus 1758L58
|--P. equi Linnaeus 1758L58
|--P. infausti Linnaeus 1758L58
|--P. lagopi Linnaeus 1758L58
|--P. pari Linnaeus 1758L58
|--P. picae Linnaeus 1758L58
|--P. ricinoides Linnaeus 1758L58
`--P. tetraonis Linnaeus 1758L58
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.
[BE38] Babcock, O. G., & H. E. Ewing. 1938. A new genus and species of Anoplura from the peccary. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (7): 197–201.
[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[HPP80] Horning, D. S., R. L. Palma & R. L. C. Pilgrim. 1980. The lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from the Snares Islands, New Zealand. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 3: 1–17.
[L07] Lareschi, M. 2007. Seasonal occurrence of ectoparasites associated with the water rat Scapteromys aquaticus (Muridae, Sigmodontinae) from Punta Lara, Argentina. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 233–240. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.
[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis revised 10th ed. vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.
[PB96] Palma, R. L., & S. C. Barker. 1996. Phthiraptera. In: Wells, A. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 26. Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera pp. 81–247. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.
[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Superorder Psocidea Leach, 1815. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 125–133. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[R26] Risso, A. 1826. Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l’Europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes vol. 5. F.-G. Levrault: Paris.
[S61] Southcott, R. V. 1961. Studies on the systematics and biology of the Erythraeoidea (Acarina), with a critical revision of the genera and subfamilies. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 367–610.
[S69] Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18 (3): 339–342.