Belongs within: Apoidea.
Contains: Megachilidae, Apidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, Stenotritidae, Colletidae, Melittinae.
The Anthophila, bees, are a diverse and well-marked clade of herbivorous wasps, characterised primarily by the presence of at least some plumose hairs on the body (though these may be few in some groups). Particularly dense patches of these plumose hairs may form a scopa used for carrying pollen. Bees have been divided between long-tongued (Megachilidae and Apidae, with the first two segments of the labial palpus elongate and flattened) and short-tongued groups (the remaining families, with the palpus segments cylindrical and not strongly differentiated); however, phylogenetic studies indicate that the long-tongued clade is nested within the short-tongued paraphylum. The earliest definite evidence for bees in the fossil record comes from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) (Engel 2001).
The Melittidae are short-tongued bees with a scopa developed on the metatibia and metabasitarsus. They resemble the long-tongued bees in having the mesocoxae fully exposed whereas other short-tongued families have them partially concealed (Engel 2001). The Meganomiinae of Africa and Asia are large melittids with simple mandibles and yellow or cream markings. The Dasypodaini typically have narrow heads with the vertex conspicuously elevated above the summits of the eyes.
Characters (Engel 2001, as Apiformes): Some setae branched or plumose; subantennal sutures internally connected to fan-shaped sheet of tentorium; labrum thickened basally and attached at clypeal margin; proboscidial fossa opened onto posterior surface of head capsule; cardo not broadened apically, approximately parallel-sided; suspensorium of paraglossa with sparse setae or bristles; mesotibial comb present; dorsoventral length of mesocoxa about equal to distance from summit of mesocoxa to hind wing base; metabasitarsus broader than following tarsal segments, without concavity or strigil; cu-a of hind wing shorter than second abscissa of M+Cu; T7 of female divided into two hemitergites.
<==Anthophila [Acutilingues, Andrenetae, Andreniformes, Apiariae, Apiformes, Dasygastrae, Melissomorpha]SN18
|--+--+--MegachilidaeSN18
| | `--ApidaeSN18
| `--+--AndrenidaeSN18
| `--+--HalictidaeSN18
| `--+--StenotritidaeSN18
| `--ColletidaeSN18
`--Melittidae [Dasypodainae]SN18
|--+--MelittinaeCSD10
| `--MeganomiinaeCSD10
| |--Meganomia binghami (Cockerell 1909)CSD10
| |--CeratomoniaE01
| |--UromoniaE01
| `--PseudophilanthusE01
`--+--SambiniE01
| |--SambaE01
| `--HaplomelittaE01
`--DasypodainiCSD10
|--EremaphantaE01
|--Capicola richtersveldensisE01, BD17
|--XeralictoidesE01
|--HesperapisCSD10
| |--H. larreae Cockerell 1907CSD10
| |--H. leucuraK71
| |--H. regularisHR11
| `--H. rhodocerataK71
`--Dasypoda Latreille 1802PK17, L02
|--D. argentata Panzer 1809CSD10
|--D. distinctaR26
|--D. hirtipesPK17 [=Andrena hirtipesL02]
|--D. planipesR26
|--D. plumipesR35 [=Andrena plumipesL02]
`--D. visnagaBD17
Anthophila incertae sedis:
Bombusoides Motschulsky 1856E01
`--*B. mengei Motschulsky 1856 (n. d.)E01
Nogueirapis silaceaE01 [=Trigona (Nogueirapis) silaceaP92, Plebeia silaceaP92]
TrigoniscaE01
LasiusR35
|--L. bomboidesR35
`--L. difformisR26
Clisodon terminalisR35
Eriades truncorumR35
Protoandrena meridionalisR35
Scraptioides eupheaeR35
Alloperdita novaeangliaeR35
Hemisa tricolorR13
Paleomelitta Engel 2001 [Paleomelittidae]E01
`--*P. nigripennis Engel 2001E01
Protodufourea wasbaueriM76
ConanthalictusM76
|--C. retitoK71
`--C. seminigerM76
Hemihalictus lustrans (Ckll. 1897)C00
PhileremulusC00
|--P. mallochi Crawford 1912C12
|--P. nanus Ckll. 1895C00
`--P. vigilansC12
Synhalonia stretchiiS72
HeliophilaR26
|--H. bimaculataR26
|--H. commoidesT13
`--H. unipunctaT13
Leptergatis tolucaCoW12
ChelyniaCoT12
|--C. ricardonis Cockerell 1912CoT12
`--C. rubi [incl. C. betheli]CoT12
Hoplitina Cockerell 1913 [=Hoplitella Cockerell 1910 non Lev. 1909]C13
`--*H. pentamera (Cockerell 1910) [=*Hoplittella pentamera]C13
ProtoanthidiumC02
|--P. ovatum Cameron 1902C02
|--P. rufobalteatum Cameron 1902C02
`--P. rufomaculatum Cameron 1902C02
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BD17] Branstetter, M. G., B. N. Danforth, J. P. Pitts, B. C. Faircloth, P. S. Ward, M. L. Buffington, M. W. Gates, R. R. Kula & S. G. Brady. 2017. Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees. Current Biology 27: 1019–1025.
[C02] Cameron, P. 1902. On the Hymenoptera collected by Mr. Robert Shelford at Sarawak, and on the Hymenoptera of the Sarawak Museum. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 37: 29–140.
[CSD10] Cardinal, S., J. Straka & B. N. Danforth. 2010. Comprehensive phylogeny of apid bees reveals the evolutionary origins and antiquity of cleptoparasitism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (37): 16207–16211.
[C00] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1900. Observations on bees collected at Las Vegas, New Mexico, and in the adjacent mountains. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 401–416.
[CoT12] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1912. Two bees new to Canada. Canadian Entomologist 44 (10): 293.
[C13] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1913. The bee genus Hoplitella. Canadian Entomologist 45 (2): 34.
[C12] Crawford, J. C. 1912. Notes on some Canadian bees. Canadian Entomologist 44 (12): 359–360.
[E01] Engel, M. S. 2001. A monograph of the Baltic amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 259: 1–192.
[HR11] Heraty, J., F. Ronquist, J. M. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. P. Dowling, D. Murray, J. Munro, W. C. Wheeler, N. Schiff & M. Sharkey. 2011. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 73–88.
[K71] Kinzelbach, R. K. 1971. Morphologische Befunde an Fächerflüglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung: Stuttgart.
[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle des Fourmis, et recueil de mémoires et d’observations sur les abeilles, les araignées, les faucheurs, et autres insectes. Théophile Barrois père: Paris.
[M76] Moldenke, A. R. 1976. California pollination ecology and vegetation types. Phytologia 34 (4): 305–361.
[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.
[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.
[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.
[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.
[R26] Risso, A. 1826. Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l’Europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes vol. 5. F.-G. Levrault: Paris.
[SN18] Sann, M., O. Niehuis, R. S. Peters, C. Mayer, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, S. Bank, K. Meusemann, B. Misof, C. Bleidorn & M. Ohl. 2018. Phylogenomic analysis of Apoidea sheds new light on the sister group of bees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18: 71.
[S72] Schlising, R. A. 1972. Foraging and nest provisioning behavior of the oligolectic bee, Diadasia bituberculata (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (3): 175–188.
[T13] Tothill, J. D. 1913. Tachinidae and some Canadian hosts. Canadian Entomologist 45 (3): 69–75.