Belongs within: Alismatales.
Contains: Typhonium, Orontioideae, Lemnaceae, Pothoideae, Monsteroideae, Aroideae.
The Araceae are a family of flowering plants in which most species have the flowers reduced and clustered onto a compact spike that is in turn subtended by a large, often colourful bract. Basal aroids include the settler’s twine or boorgay Gymnostachys anceps of eastern Australia, distinguished from other aroids by its linear leaves, parallel venation, and a flowering shoot of a complex synflorescence consisting of three to seven short, perennating floral sympodia seperated from each other by a distinct peduncular axis with each sympodium subtended by a leaf-like bract (Nie et al. 2006). The Lasioideae have perigoniate bisexual flowers and frequently sagittate leaves. The African Zamioculcadoideae produce unisexual flowers with a perigone (Eggli & Nyffeler 2020).
Characters (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Cyanogenic glucoside triglochinin, flavone C-glycosides present; dimorphic root hypodermis present; sieve tube plastids also with starch; pseudopetiole bundles scattered; stomata unorientated, also anomo- and tetracytic; leaves usually with pseudopetiole, lamina and (pseudo)midrib, tertiary venation cross to reticulate, base with lateral (occasionally auriculate) flanges; inflorescence densely spicate [spadix], unbranched, inflorescence bract well developed, more or less coloured, more or less surrounding spadix [spathe]; flowers sessile, floral bracts absent; flowers 2–3-merous, in latter case median member of outer whorl of tepals adaxial, tepals more or less hooded, with single trace, free (sometimes connate); anthers extrorse; pollen with ektexine present; septal nectaries absent; carpels (basally) ascidiate, fusion usually congenital, loculus usually with secretion, style at most short, stigma also wet; ovules more or less unvascularised; fruit a berry; testa multiplicative, ≥5 cells across, often parenchymatous, or with exotesta and/or endotesta and mesotesta lignified, tegmen collapsed; x = 16; cotyledon not photosynthetic.
<==Araceae (see below for synonymy)
|--+--OrontioideaeNS06
| `--Gymnostachys [Gymnostachydoideae]NS06
| `--G. anceps Brown 1810CD07
`--+--LemnaceaeTB04
`--+--+--PothoideaeTB04
| `--MonsteroideaeNS06
`--+--AroideaeNS06
|--LasioideaeTB04
| |--Anaphyllopsis americanaTB04
| `--Dracontium polyphyllumNS06
`--ZamioculcadoideaeEN20
|--Stylochaeton [Stylochaetoneae]EN20
`--Zamioculcas Schott 1856 [Zamioculcadeae]EN20
`--Z. zamiifolia (Loddiges) Engler 1905 (see below for synonymy)EN20
Araceae incertae sedis:
ZantedeschiaHE80
|--Z. aethiopica (Linnaeus) Sprengel 1826HE80
`--Z. albomaculataHE80
AdelonemaYY22
AglaodorumYY22
AlocasiophyllumYY22
AmauriellaYY22
AphyllarumYY22
AsterostigmaYY22
BiarumYY22
BucephalandraYY22
CaladiopsisYY22
CallopsisYY22
ChamaecladonYY22
ChlorospathaYY22
DiandriellaYY22
GamogyneYY22
GearumYY22
GonatanthusYY22
GorgonidiumYY22
HapalineYY22
HelicodicerosYY22
HydrosmeYY22
LagenandraYY22
MangoniaYY22
MicrocasiaYY22
PhilonotionYY22
PinelliaYY22
PiptospathaYY22
PlesmoniumYY22
PorophyrospathaYY22
PseudohydrosmeYY22
RemusatiaYY22
RhynchopyleYY22
ScaphispathaYY22
Schismatoglottis calyptrataA78
SchizocasiaYY22
SpathantheumYY22
StylochitonYY22
SynantheriasYY22
SyngoniumYY22
TaccarumYY22
ThaumatophyllumYY22
TheriophonumYY22
TyphoniumSVD02
TyphonodorumYY22
UlearumYY22
XenophyaYY22
ZomicarpaYY22
ZomicarpellaYY22
SynandrospadixYY22
PothoidiumYY22
Dracunculus vulgaris Schott in Schott & Endlicher 1832HE80
CryptocoryneP88
|--C. ciliataP88
|--C. cordataP88
|--C. crispatulaYG03
|--C. griffithiiEK16
`--C. usteriana Engler in Engler & Krause 1916EK16
CyrtospermaS68
Lasia spinosaBB07
Anaphyllum wightiiUB06
UrospathaMM96
|--U. caudataMM96
`--U. friedrichsthalliiMM96
Landoltia punctataLK14
RichardiaC06
|--R. aethiopicaT-W89
`--R. africana Kunth 1818C06
Limnophyllum primaevum Hosius & Marck 1880CBH93
AcoropsisP92
Brachyspatha variabilis [=Amorphophallus variabilis]B78
JasarumEN20
PedicellarumEN20
EminiumEN20
Araceae [Arales, Aranae, Ariflorae, Arisaraceae, Caladiaceae, Callaceae, Calleae, Colocasiaceae, Cryptocorynaceae, Dracontiaceae, Lasiaceae, Monsteraceae, Orontiaceae, Philodendraceae, Pistiaceae, Pothaceae, Spathiflorae, Wolffiaceae]
Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Loddiges) Engler 1905 [=Caladium zamiifolium Loddiges 1829; incl. Z. lanceolata Peter 1930, *Z. loddigesii Schott 1856 (nom. illeg.)]EN20
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A78] Ananthakrishnan, T. N. 1978. Thrips galls and gall thrips. Zoological Survey of India, Technical Monograph 1: 1–69, 26 pls.
[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.
[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.
[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.
[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.
[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.
[EN20] Eggli, U., & R. Nyffeler (eds) 2020. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons 2nd ed. Springer.
[EK16] Engler, A., & K. Krause. 1916. Araceae novae. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54 (Beiblatt 118): 123–125.
[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).
[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.
[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.
[NS06] Nie, Z.-L., H. Sun, H. Li & J. Wen. 2006. Intercontinental biogeography of subfamily Orontioideae (Symplocarpus, Lysichiton, and Orontium) of Araceae in eastern Asia and North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 155–165.
[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.
[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.
[SVD02] Sasikala, K., E. Vajravelu & P. Daniel. 2002. Typhonium horsfieldii (Miq.) Steenis, family Araceae, a new report for India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 581–583.
[S68] Simons, E. L. 1968. African Oligocene mammals: introduction, history of study, and faunal succession. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Bulletin 28: 1–21.
[TB04] Tam, S.-M., P. C. Boyce, T. M. Upson, D. Barabé, A. Bruneau, F. Forest & J. S. Parker. 2004. Intergeneric and infrafamilial phylogeny of subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) revealed by chloroplast trnL-F sequences. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 490–498.
[T-W89] Tenison-Woods, J. E. 1889. On the vegetation of Malaysia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 4 (1): 9–106, pls 1–9.
[UB06] Udayan, P. S., & I. Balachandran. 2006. Cleistanthus sankunnianus Sivar. & Indu Balach.—a rare and little known endemic plant rediscovered from wild populations in Kollam district of Kerala state, India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 217–218.
[YG03] Yadav, S. R., & S. P. Gaikwad. 2003. A revision of the Indian Aponogetonaceae. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 39–76.
[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.