Belongs within: Lamiales.
Contains: Tabebuia, Tecoma, Radermachera.
The Bignoniaceae are a pantropical family of small trees, shrubs and climbers. Many species are familiar ornamental plants, such as the jacaranda Jacaranda acutifolia and tecoma Tecomaria capensis. Tecomanthe speciosa, a climber native to the Three Kings Islands near New Zealand, has only ever been known from a single individual in the wild but has become widely grown as an ornamental.
The Bignoniaceae are mostly divided between the Bignoniae, with the fruit a compressed capsule in which the septum is parallel with the valves and dehiscence is septifragal, and Tecomeae, with the septum at right angles to the convex valves and loculicidal dehiscence (Black & Robertson 1965). The genus Crescentia, calabash trees, found in Africa and the Americas, bears one-celled berries and is placed in a distinct tribe. The type genus of the family, Bignonia, is an American genus of climbers with large tubular flowers. Nyctocalos is a small Asian genus of lianas lacking tendrils.
Characters (Black & Robertson 1965): Shrubs or woody climbers with exstipulate usually opposite and compound leaves. Flowers iregular, bisexual; corolla with five imbricate lobes, often two-lipped; stamens usually four, in pairs, inserted in tube, fifth stamen mostly reduced to small staminode; anthers two-celled; ovary superior, two-celled, with two septal placentas; ovules several or numerous; style with two short stigmatic lobes; fruit a capsule much longer than calyx, opening from summit in two valves with flat septum breaking away from valves and falling off; seed with broad hyaline wings, without albumen; radicle close to hilum.
<==Bignoniaceae [Bignonialium]
|--Crescentia L. 1753L95 [CrescentieaeS77]
| |--C. alata H.B.K. 1819 (see below for synonymy)S77
| |--C. cujete Linné 1753 [incl. C. ovata Burm. f. 1768]S77
| |--C. linearifolia Miers 1868 [incl. C. microcarpa Bello 1881]L95
| `--C. portoricensis Britton 1917L95
|--Bignonieae [Eubignonieae]S77
| |--Hieris Steen. 1928S77
| | `--H. curtisii (Ridl.) Steen. 1928 [=Tecoma curtisii Ridl. 1908, Pandorea curtisii Ridl. 1923]S77
| |--Oroxylum Vent. 1808 [=Oroxylon (l. c.); incl. Calosanthes Bl. 1826, Hippoxylon Rafin. 1838 (nom. illeg.)]S77
| | `--O. indicum (Linné) Kurz 1877 (see below for synonymy)S77
| |--Millingtonia Linné 1781S77
| | `--M. hortensis Linné 1781 (see below for synonymy)S77
| |--Nyctocalos T. & B. in Miq. 1862 [=Nycticalos (l. c.)]S77
| | |--N. brunfelsiiflora T. & B. in Miq. 1862 (see below for synonymy)S77
| | |--N. cuspidata (Bl.) Miq. 1867 (see below for synonymy)S77
| | `--N. pinnataS77
| `--BignoniaHH03
| |--B. aequinoctialis L. 1753HH03, L95 [=Cydista aequinoctialis (L.) Miers 1863L95; incl. B. spectabilis Vahl 1794L95]
| |--B. diversifoliaS77
| |--B. fraxinoides Perrottet 1824 (n. d.)S77
| |--B. grandifloraT-W89
| |--B. hirsuta Lamk 1785 (n. d.) [=Tecoma hirsuta DC. 1845]S77
| |--B. nivea Kränzlin 1916K16
| `--B. radicansT-W89
`--Tecomeae [Catalpeae]BR65
|--TecomaS77
|--RadermacheraS77
|--Pauldopia Steen. 1969S77
|--‘Barnettia’ Santisuk 1973 non Bat. & Bezerra 1962S77
|--Lamiodendron Steen. 1957S77
| `--L. magnificum Steen. 1957S77
|--Pajanelia DC. 1838S77
| `--P. longifolia (Willd.) Sch. 1895 (see below for synonymy)S77
|--Podranea Sprague in Thiselton-Dyer 1904S77, L95
| `--P. ricasoliana (Tanf.) Sprague 1904 [=Tecoma ricasoliana Tanf. 1887, Pandorea ricasoliana Baillon 1891]S77
|--Fernandoa Welw. ex Seem. 1865 (see below for synonymy)S77
| |--F. adenophylla (Don) Steen. 1976 (see below for synonymy)S77
| `--F. macroloba (Miq.) Steen. 1976 (see below for synonymy)S77
|--Deplanchea Vieillard 1862 (see below for synonymy)S77
| |--D. bancana (Scheffer) Steen. 1927 (see below for synonymy)S77
| |--D. glabra (Steen.) Steen. 1927 [=Diplanthera glabra Steen. 1927; incl. De. tubulosa Steen. 1927]S77
| `--D. tetraphylla (Br.) F.v.M. 1889 (see below for synonymy)S77
|--CampsisS77
| |--C. grandiflora [incl. C. chinensis]S77
| |--C. radicansBTA75
| `--C. × tagliabuana [C. grandiflora × C. radicans]S77
|--Stereospermum Cham. 1832 [incl. Dipterosperma Hassk. 1842, Hieranthes Rafin. 1838]S77
| |--S. chelonoides (L. f.) DC. 1838 (see below for synonymy)S77
| |--S. cylindricumS77
| |--S. fimbriatum (Wall. ex Don) DC. 1845 [=Bignonia fimbriata Wall. ex Don 1838]S77
| `--S. personatum (Hassk.) Chatterjee 1948 (see below for synonymy)S77
|--Neosepicaea Diels 1922 (see below for synonymy)S77
| |--N. aurantiaca (Diels) Steen. 1967 [=Tecomanthe aurantiaca Diels 1922]S77
| |--N. jucunda [=Hausmannia jucunda]S77
| |--N. leptophylla (Bl.) Steen. 1960 (see below for synonymy)S77
| `--N. viticoides Diels 1922S77
|--Dolichandrone (Fenzl) Seem. 1870 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy)S77
| |--*D. falcataS77
| |--D. filiformisLK14
| |--D. heterophyllaLK14
| |--D. serrulata [incl. Bignonia laeta]S77
| |--D. spathacea (L. f.) Sch. 1889 (see below for synonymy)S77
| `--D. stipulataM72
|--Tecomanthe Baill. 1891 (see below for synonymy)S77
| |--T. dendrophila (Bl.) Sch. in Sch. & Laut. 1900 (see below for synonymy)S77
| |--T. speciosa Oliver 1948A61
| |--T. ternatensis Steen. 1927S77
| `--T. volubilis Gibbs 1917 [incl. T. arfaki Steen. 1927, T. nitida Steen. 1927]S77
| |--T. v. ssp. volubilisS77
| |--T. v. ssp. silvicola van Steenis 1977 [incl. T. cyclopensis Steen. 1927, T. saxosa Diels 1922]S77
| `--T. v. ssp. tenax van Steenis 1977S77
|--Pandorea Spach 1840 (see below for synonymy)S77
| |--P. baileyanaS77
| |--P. jasminoides (Lindl.) Sch. 1894 [=Tecoma jasminoides Lindl. 1939]S77
| |--P. montana (Diels) van Steenis 1977 [=Tecomanthe montana Diels 1922]S77
| |--P. nervosaS77
| |--P. pandorana (Andrews) van Steenis 1928S77 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--P. p. ssp. pandoranaS77
| | `--P. p. ssp. timorensis van Steenis 1977S77
| `--P. stenantha Diels 1922S77
`--Yangua Spruce 1860S60
`--*Y. tinctoria Spruce 1860S60
Bignoniaceae incertae sedis:
Catalpa Scopoli 1777L95
|--C. bignonioidesLC02
|--C. longissima (Jacq.) Dum. 1802 [=Bignonia longissima Jacq. 1760, Macrocatalpa longissima Britton 1918]S77
|--C. ovataS77
`--C. × syringifolia [C. bignonioides × C. ovata]S77
Kigelia DC. 1838L95
`--K. africana (Lamk) Benth. in Hook. 1849S77 (see below for synonymy)
Eccremocarpus scaberPT01
Macfadyena DC. 1845L95
|--M. cynanchoidesS77
|--M. uncataS77
`--M. unguis-cati (Linné) Gentry 1973HH03 (see below for synonymy)
Spathodea Palisot de Beauvois 1805L95
|--S. alternifoliaC16
|--S. campanulata Beauv. 1805 [incl. S. tulipifera, Dolichandrone tulipifera Bth. in B. & H. 1876]S77
|--S. heterophyllaC16
`--S. niloticaS77
Incarvillea [incl. Niedzwedzkia]S77
|--I. maireiO88
| |--I. m. var. maireiO88
| `--I. m. var. grandifloraO88
`--I. younghusbandiiO88
TabebuiaHH03
Jacaranda Juss. 1789L95
|--J. acutifoliaBR65
|--J. caucanaS77
|--J. mimosifolia Don 1822 [incl. J. ovalifolia Br. 1822]S77
`--J. obtusifoliaS77
|--J. o. ssp. obtusifoliaS77
`--J. o. ssp. rhombifolia [=J. rhombifolia Meijer 1818; incl. J. filicifolia Don 1823]S77
ArrabidaeaS77
|--A. chica (H. & B.) Verlot. 1868 [=Bignonia chica H. & B. 1808; incl. Adenocalymna portoricensis Stahl 1888]L95
|--A. mollissima (H.B.K.) Bur. & Sch. 1896S77
`--A. verrucosaMM96
Phryganocydia corymbosa (Vent.) Bur. ex Sch. 1894 [=Spathodea corymbosa Vent. 1807]S77
XylophragmaMM96
Tecomella undulataPP07
Pseudocalymma macrocarpaGJ09
Chilopsis linearisH93
|--C. l. ssp. linearisH93
`--C. l. ssp. arcuataH93
Bignonicapsula formosa Berry 1930CBH93
Albertipollenites araneosus Frederiksen 1973CBH93
Markhamia stipulataS77
|--M. s. var. stipulataS77
`--M. s. var. cauda-felinaS77
RhigozumS77
CatophractesS77
Phyllarthron bernierianumS77
Astianthus antisyphiliticaS77
Argylia robustaA19
Amphilophium Kunth 1818L95
`--A. paniculatum (L.) HBK. 1819 [=Bignonia paniculata L. 1753]L95
AnemopaegmaS77
|--A. chamberlaynii (Sims) Bur. & Sch. 1896 (see below for synonymy)S77
`--A. longepetiolatumS77
Amphicome emodiS77
Newbouldia laevisS77
Heterophragma quadriloculareS77
ParatecomaS77
Zeyhera tuberculosaS77
Sparattosperma vernicosumS77
Cuspidaria pterocarpaS77
MacranthisiphonS77
MemoraS77
DelostomaK16
|--D. dentatum Don 1823 [=Codazzia dentata Karst. 1862; incl. Bignonia rosea Pav. in DC. 1845]K16
|--D. hookeri Kränzlin 1916K16
`--D. (sect. Eudelostoma) weberbauerianum Kränzlin 1916K16
Amphitecna Miers 1868L95
`--A. latifolia (Mill.) Gentry 1976 (see below for synonymy)L95
PachypteraS77
|--P. alliacea (Lam.) Gentry 1973S77, L95 (see below for synonymy)
`--P. hymenaea (DC.) Gentry 1973S77
Parmentiera DC. 1838L95
|--P. aculeata (H.B.K.) Seem. 1854 (see below for synonymy)S77
`--P. cereifera Seem. in Hook. 1851S77
PithecocteniumS77
|--P. cynanchoides DC. 1845S77
`--P. parviflorumK16
Pyrostegia Presl 1845L95
`--P. venusta (Ker) Miers 1863S77 (see below for synonymy)
Saritaea Dugand 1945L95
`--S. magnifica (Steen.) Dugand 1945 [=Arrabidaea magnifica Steen. 1927]S77
Cydista Miers 1863L95
Distictis Martius ex Meisner 1840L95
`--D. lactiflora (Vahl) DC. 1845 (see below for synonymy)L95
Mansoa DC. 1838L95
`--M. hymenaea (DC.) Gentry 1979 [=Bignonia hymenaea DC. 1845]L95
Tynnanthus Miers 1863L95
`--T. caryophylleus (Bello) Alain 1965 (see below for synonymy)L95
Saldanhaea mollis Kränzlin 1916K16
AdenocalymmaC12
|--A. macrocarpumC12
`--A. paulistarumHH03
Nomen nudum: Bignonia purpurea Thunb. 1825S77
Amphitecna latifolia (Mill.) Gentry 1976 [=Crescentia latifolia Mill. 1768, Dendrosicus latifolius (Mill.) Gentry 1973, Enallagma latifolia (Mill.) Small 1913; incl. Crescentia cucurbitina L. 1771, E. cucurbitina (L.) Baill. ex Schum. in Engl. & Prantl 1894]L95
Anemopaegma chamberlaynii (Sims) Bur. & Sch. 1896 [=Bignonia chamberlaynii Sims 1820; incl. B. scandens Vell. 1825, Anemopaegma scandens Mello ex Sch. 1894]S77
Crescentia alata H.B.K. 1819 [=Parmentiera alata Miers 1870; incl. Otophora paradoxa Bl. 1847, Crescentia trifolia Blanco 1837]S77
Deplanchea Vieillard 1862 [incl. Bulweria F.v.M. 1864 non Bonaparte 1843 (ICZN), Diplanthera Banks & Sol. ex Br. 1810 non Thouars 1806]S77
Deplanchea bancana (Scheffer) Steen. 1927 [=Diplanthera bancana Scheffer 1870; incl. De. coriacea Steen. 1928, De. bancana var. glabra Steen. 1927 non De. glabra (Steen.) Steen. 1927]S77
Deplanchea tetraphylla (Br.) F.v.M. 1889 [=Diplanthera tetraphylla Br. 1810; incl. De. bulwerii F.v.M. 1865, Faradaya chrysoclada Sch. & Laut. 1905, Diplanthera hirsuta Bailey 1896, Deplanchea hirsuta (Bailey) Steen. 1929, Bulweria nobilissima F.v.M. 1864, De. tetraphylla var. novoguineensis Steen. 1928]S77
Distictis lactiflora (Vahl) DC. 1845 [=Bignonia lactiflora Vahl 1794, Macrodiscus lactiflorus (Vahl) Bureau ex Baill. 1891; incl. B. odorata Bello 1881, B. rigescens Jacq. 1797, Distictis rigescens (Jacq.) DC. 1845]L95
Dolichandrone (Fenzl) Seem. 1870 (nom. cons.) [=Dolichandra sect. Dolichandrone Fenzl 1841; incl. Dolichandrone subg. Coriaceae Steen. 1927, Pongelia Rafin. 1838 (nom. rej.)]S77
Dolichandrone spathacea (L. f.) Sch. 1889 [=Bignonia spathacea L. f. 1781; incl. Spathodea diepenhorstii Miq. 1858, B. javanica Thunb. 1794, S. longiflora Vent. 1803, B. longiflora Willd. ex DC. 1845, Pongelia longiflora Rafin. 1838, B. longissima Lour 1790 non Jacq. 1760, Dolichandrone longissima Sch. 1894, Spathodea loureiriana DC. 1845, S. luzonica Blanco 1845, S. rheedii Spreng. 1825, Dolichandrone rheedii Seem. 1870]S77
Fernandoa Welw. ex Seem. 1865 [=Ferdinandia, Ferdinandoa; incl. Haplophragma Dop 1925, Hexaneurocarpon Dop 1929, Kigelianthe Baill. 1891, Spathodeopsis Dop 1929, Tisseranthodendron Sillans 1951]S77
Fernandoa adenophylla (Don) Steen. 1976 [=Bignonia adenophylla Don 1838, Haplophragma adenophyllum (DC.) Dop 1925, Heterophragma adenophyllum Seem. ex B. & H. 1875, Spathodea adenophylla DC. 1845]S77
Fernandoa macroloba (Miq.) Steen. 1976 [=Spathodea macroloba Miq. 1861, Haplophragma macrolobum (Miq.) Steen. 1927, Heterophragma macrolobum Back. ex Heyne 1927]S77
Kigelia africana (Lamk) Benth. in Hook. 1849S77 [=Bignonia africana Lamk 1785S77, Tecoma africana Don 1838S77; incl. Kigelia aethiopica (Fenzl) Decne in Deless. 1845S77, Crescentia pinnata Jacq. 1789S77, K. pinnata DC. 1845S77, Tanaecium pinnatum (Jacq.) Willd. in L. 1802L95]
Macfadyena unguis-cati (Linné) Gentry 1973HH03 [=Bignonia unguis-cati Linné 1753HH03, Batocydia unguis (L. emend. DC.) Mart. ex DC. 1845L95, Bi. unguis L. emend. DC. 1845L95, Doxantha unguis (L. emend. DC.) Miers 1863L95, D. unguis-catiHH03; incl. Macfadyena dentata Bur. & Sch. 1897HH03, Bignonia tweediana Lindl. 1840HH03]
Millingtonia hortensis Linné 1781 [incl. Bignonia cicutaria Mart. 1820, M. dubiosa Span. 1835, B. suberosa Roxb. 1811 (nom. illeg.), Nevrilis suberosa Rafin. 1838 (nom. illeg.)]S77
Neosepicaea Diels 1922 [incl. Tecomanthe sect. Aurantiacae Steen. 1927, Pandorea sect. Grandiflores Steen. 1927, Haussmannia F.v.M. 1864 non Hausmannia Dunker 1846, Nyctocalos subg. Haussmannia Seem. 1870, Haussmannianthes Steen. 1929, Pandorea sect. Leptophyllae Steen. 1927]S77
Neosepicaea leptophylla (Bl.) Steen. 1960 [=Tecoma leptophylla Bl. 1849, Gelseminum leptophyllum O.K. 1891, Pandorea leptophylla Boerl. 1899; incl. Neosepicaea superba Steen. 1957]S77
Nyctocalos brunfelsiiflora T. & B. in Miq. 1862 [=N. brunfelsiaeflorus, N. brunfelsiiflorus; incl. N. shanica MacGregor & Smith 1911]S77
Nyctocalos cuspidata (Bl.) Miq. 1867 [=Tecoma cuspidata Bl. 1849, Gelseminum cuspidatum O. K. 1891, Nyctocalos cuspidatum; incl. N. assamica Hook. f. ex Sch. 1894, N. macrosiphon T. & B. 1856, N. cuspidata var. oblongum Steen. 1927, N. thomsonii Hook. f. 1867]S77
Oroxylum indicum (Linné) Kurz 1877 [=Bignonia indica Linné 1753, Calosanthes indica Bl. 1826, Hippoxylon indicum Rafin. 1838 (nom. illeg.), Spathodea indica Pers. 1807; incl. Arthrophyllum ceylanicum Miq. 1863, Oroxylon indicum var. citrinum van Steenis 1928, O. flavum Rehder in Sargent 1904, Bignonia pentandra Lour. 1790, B. quadripinnata Blanco 1837, Arthrophyllum reticulatum Bl. ex Miq. 1863, B. tripinnata Noronha 1790]S77
Pachyptera alliacea (Lam.) Gentry 1973S77, L95 [=Bignonia alliacea Lam. 1785L95, Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) Gentry 1979L95; incl. Adenocalymna obovatum Urb. 1916L95]
Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) Sch. 1895 [=Bignonia longifolia Willd. 1800; incl. B. multijuga DC. 1838, Pajanelia bijuga (l. c.), B. macrostachya Wall. ex Don 1838, Payanelia (l. c.) multijuga, B. pajanelia Wall. 1830 (nom. illeg.), Pajanelia rheedii Wight 1848]S77
Pandorea Spach 1840 [=Tecoma sect. Pandorea Endl. 1839; incl. Tecomanthe sect. Montanae Steen. 1928, Pandorea sect. Parviflores Steen. 1927]S77
Pandorea pandorana (Andrews) van Steenis 1928 [=Bignonia pandorana Andrews 1800, B. pandorae Sims 1805, B. pandorea Vent. 1803, Campsis pandorana Steen. 1948, Gelseminum pandorea O.K. 1891, Pandorea australis ssp. pandorea Steen. 1927, Tecoma pandorana Skeels 1913, T. australis var. pandorea (Vent.) Bailey 1901; incl. Pandorea acutifolia Steen. 1927, T. australis Br. 1810, Bignonia australis Ait. 1814, Pandorea australis Spach. 1840, Tecoma austro-caledonica Bureau 1962, P. austro-caledonica Seem. 1870, P. austro-caledonicum, Tecoma ceramensis T. & B. 1863, P. ceramensis Baill. 1891, P. ceramica (l. c.), Tecoma diversifolia Don 1838, T. doratoxylon Black 1927, Pandorea doratoxylon Black 1937, T. ceramensis var. elliptica Miq. 1864, Campsidium filicifolium Bull 1874, T. filicifolium Nicholson 1887, T. floribunda Cunn. ex DC. 1845, Pandorea poincillantha var. fragrans Steen. 1927, T. australis var. linearis Bailey 1901, P. australis ssp. linearis Steen. 1927, Bignonia meonantha Link 1822, P. australis ssp. meonantha Steen. 1927, Tecoma australis var. meonantha (Link) DC. 1845, T. meonantha Sweet 1827, T. ochroxantha Kth & Bouché 1847, Gelseminum ochroxanthum O.K. 1891, T. oxleyi Cunningham ex DC. 1845, Pandorea australis var. oxleyi Domin 1929 (nom. illeg.), P. poincillantha Steen. 1927]S77
Parmentiera aculeata (H.B.K.) Seem. 1854 [=Crescentia aculeata H.B.K. 1819; incl. C. edulis Desv. 1814, Parmentiera edulis DC. 1845]S77
Pyrostegia venusta (Ker) Miers 1863S77 [=Bignonia venusta Ker 1818S77, Tecoma venusta Lem. 1834S77; incl. B. ignea Vell. 1825L95, Pyrostegia ignea (Vell.) Presl 1845S77]
Stereospermum chelonoides (L. f.) DC. 1838 [=Bignonia chelonoides L. f. 1781; incl. Hieranthes fragrans Rinf. 1838 (nom. illeg.), B. suaveolens Roxb. 1832, Stereospermum suaveolens DC. 1845, Tecoma suaveolens Don 1838, S. suaveolens f. verticillatum Steen. 1927]S77
Stereospermum personatum (Hassk.) Chatterjee 1948 [=Dipterosperma personatum Hassk. 1842, S. hasskarlii Z. & M. ex Zoll. 1855 (nom. illeg.); incl. Bignonia caudata DC. 1845, S. caudatum Miq. 1858, S. tetragonum DC. 1845]S77
Tecomanthe Baill. 1891 [incl. Campana Rumph. ex Post & O.K. 1904 (nom. inv.), Tecomanthe sect. Dendrophilae Steen. 1927, Tecomanthe sect. Saxosae Steen. 1928, Tecomanthe sect. Volubiles Steen. 1927]S77
Tecomanthe dendrophila (Bl.) Sch. in Sch. & Laut. 1900 [=Tecoma dendrophila Bl. 1849, Campsis dendrophila Seem. 1867, incl. Tecomanthe acutifolia Steen. 1927, Tecoma amboinensis Bl. 1849, Campsis amboinensis Seem. 1867, Gelseminum amboinense O.K. 1891, Pandorea amboinensis Boerl. 1899, Tecomanthe amboinensis Steen. 1927, Tecomanthe bureavii Baill. 1891, Gelseminum dendrophilum O.K. 1891, Pandorea dendrophila Boerl. 1899, Tecomanthe elliptica Steen. 1927, Tecomanthe gloriosa Moore 1923, Tecomantha venusta var. parviflora Steen. 1927, Campana rubra Rump. 1755, Dendrophila trifoliata Bl. 1849, Tecomanthe venusta Moore 1923]S77
Tynnanthus caryophylleus (Bello) Alain 1965 [=Bignonia caryophyllea Bello 1881; incl. T. myrianthus Bur. & Schum. in Mart. 1896, Mussatia prieuri Bur. in Engl. & Prantl. 1894]L95
*Type species of generic name indicated
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