Belongs within: Mollusca.
Contains: Polidevciidae, Ferganoconcha, Astartila, Palaeomutelidae, Pleurophorus, Opponobrachia, Anatinidae, Palaeoheterodonta, Anomalodesmata, Pteriomorphia, Heterodonta.
The Bivalvia are one of the main subgroups of the molluscs, readily distinguished from other classes by the division of the shell into two hinged lateral valves. Bivalves also lack a developed head and mostly feed by filtering organic particles from the water (with some notable exceptions). The valves of the shell are connected at the hinge by a ligament of keratinous proteins that may also be partially calcified. The hinge may also include a series of interlocking teeth on each valve. In members of the clade Autobranchia, the gills are enlarged and folded within the mantle cavity to function in filter-feeding. More basal bivalve lineages have the gills as simple non-reflected lamellae that function for respiration only, with the labial palps as the main food-collecting organs. Bivalves outside the clade Amarsipobranchia have at least the first few anterior filaments of the gills inserted unfused into a distal oral groove. In most members of the Amarsipobranchia, however, these filaments are fused or not inserted (Plazzi et al. 2011).
The earliest fossils that have been assigned to the bivalves come from the Early and Middle Cambrian and include the genera Fordilla, Pojetaia and Arhouriella (Budd & Jensen 2000). These are small forms, only a few millimetres in length, that may have had a burrowing lifestyle similar to that of the modern Nuculidae (Morton 2012). Fordilla and Pojetaia both had laterally compressed, subequally valved and suboval shells with few teeth in the hinge. Fordilla has a small, anteriorly placed umbo whereas that of Pojetaia is central to subcentral in position. Arhouriella had a veneriform shell with two teeth overhanging the hinge plate on the right valve (the left valve is unknown). Camya is another Middle Cambrian genus known from the left valve only, which has a subtriangular shape with a long, straight hinge. Neofordilla elegans is an Ordovician taxon similar to Fordilla.
Characters (Giribet & Wheeler 2002): Body laterally compressed with an external bivalved shell that is hinged dorsally. Valves connected by a partially calcified elastic ligament and held together by 1 or 2 adductor muscles. Buccal or radular apparatus absent, mantle lobes either joined or free ventrally. Mantle cavity spacious, extending upwards on each side of visceral mass and containing a pair of laterally suspended ctenidia. Ctenidia may be enlarged, lamellate and plicate. Mouth and anus located at opposite ends of body, gut typically convoluted. Pair of ciliated labial palps connecting ctenidia to the mouth, directing food particles into it. Foot extensible, either elongated or laterally compressed.
<==Bivalvia (see below for synonymy)
|--Fordillidae [Fordilloida]C96
| |--Neofordilla elegans Krasilova 1977SB93
| |--Pojetaia Jell 1980C96, M12
| | `--P. runnegari Jell 1980SB93
| `--FordillaBJ00
| |--F. sibiricaP08
| `--F. troyensis Barrande 1881M12
`--+--OpponobranchiaPC11
`--Autobranchia (see below for synonymy)PC11
| i. s.: AnatinidaeW77
| Montanaria devonicus (Beushausen 1884)SB93
| Plesiocyprinella carinata Holdhaus 1918SB93
| Vokesella inopinata Chavan 1952SB93
| CardiolarioideaC04
| |--Cardiolaria beirensisC96
| `--EritropisC04
| Kellyella [Kellyellidae]P71
| `--K. miliarisP71
|--PalaeoheterodontaPC11
`--Amarsipobranchia [Cardiacea, Conchacea, Mactracea, Tubicola, Unimusculosa]PC11
| i. s.: GnathodonR41
| |--G. lecontei [incl. G. trigonum Petit 1853]C64
| `--G. mendicus (Gld. 1851)C64
|--AnomalodesmataPC11
`--+--PteriomorphiaPC11
`--HeterodontaPC11
Bivalvia incertae sedis:
Crytodonta saffordiPR79
PyrenomoeusEB01
Batolites Montfort 1808D-DP03
`--B. organisans Montfort 1808D-DP03
LapeirousiinaeD-DP03
|--Lapeirousia Bayle 1878D-DP03
|--PraelapeirousiaD-DP03
`--LapeirousellaD-DP03
PlicatomytilusAV03
CataceramusHS03
|--C. barabini (Morton 1834)HS03
`--C. subcircularis (Meek 1876)HS03
Horiopleura lambertiHS02
Polyconites verneuiliHS02
Pseudotoucasia santanderensisHS02
SphaerulitesHS02
NodipectenTL03
|--N. collierensis (Mansfield 1932)P94
`--N. nodosusTL03
CallithacaL10
|--C. adamsiiL10
`--C. staminea (Conrad 1837)KSD71
Swiftopecten swiftiGAS03
Alveinus ojianusL10
Sertifer keenaeKBC03
Carolia placunoidesG92
CubitostreaG92
NicaisolophaG92
Devonia perrieri (Malard 1903) [=Synapticola perrieri, Entovalva perrieri; incl. Montacuta donacina Bateson 1923]BK77
Natasia boliviensisSV03
|--N. b. boliviensisSV03
`--N. b. fragilisSV03
Arisaigia postornataP98
PolidevciidaeSB93
Pseudophytina rugiferaGW02
Mactromeris polynymaGR98
Barcoona Finlay 1927 [=Pachydomella Etheridge 1907 non Ulrich 1891]F27
`--*B. chutus (Etheridge 1907) [=*Pachydomella chutus]F27
Modiolarca impactaHS01
Pseudoarcopagia disculusHS01
Varinucula gallinaceaHS01
MeleagrinaH09
|--M. anomioides (Reeve 1857) [=Avicula anomioides]H09
|--M. fimbriata [incl. M. mazatlanica]C64
|--M. flexuosa (Reeve 1857) [=Avicula flexuosa]H09
|--M. lucunata (Reeve 1857) [=Avicula lucunata]H09
|--M. margaritifera (Linnaeus 1758) [=Mytilus margaritiferus]H09
|--M. maxima (Jameson 1901) [=Margaritifera maxima]H09
|--M. sugillata (Reeve 1857) [=Avicula sugillata]H09
`--M. tegulata (Reeve 1857) [=Avicula tegulata]H09
Aenigma aenigmatica [=Tellina aenigmatica]H09
PlacentaH09
|--P. lobata Soerby 1871H09
`--P. placenta (Linnaeus 1758) [=Anomia placenta]H09
Myrina coppingeri Smith 1885H09
Coelodon elongatus Carpenter 1846H09
CrassatellitesH09
|--C. janus Hedley 1906H09
|--C. rhomboides (Smith 1885) [=Crassatella rhomboides]H09
|--C. torresi (Smith 1885) [=Crassatella torresi]H09
`--C. ziczac (Reeve 1842)H09, R42 [=Crassatella ziczacH09]
CarditellaH09
|--C. infans Smith 1885H09
`--C. torresi Smith 1885H09
Opisocardium subretusum (Sowerby 1841) [=Cardium subretusum]H09
GlaucomyaH09
|--G. desmoyersiiH09
`--G. rugosa Hanley 1828 [=Glauconomya rugosa]H09
MetisH09
|--M. meyeri (Philippi 1846) [=Tellina meyeri]H09
`--M. spectabilis (Hanley 1844) [=Tellina spectabilis]H09
Psammosolen Risso 1826H09, R26
|--P. australis (Dunker 1861) [=Macha australis]H09
|--P. coarctatus (Gmelin 1791) [=Solen coarctatus]H09
|--P. deshayesii (Dunker 1861) [=Macha deshayesii]H09
|--P. minutus (Dunker 1861) [=Azor minutus]H09
`--P. sulcatus (Dunker 1861) [=Macha sulcatus]H09
Labiosa grayi (Adams 1872) [=Raeta grayi]H09
NausitoriaH09
|--N. manni Wright 1865H09
`--N. thoracites (Gould 1856) [=Calobates thoracites]H09
Margarita Leach 1814BR05
|--M. maculata [incl. M. elegantula Jeffreys 1864 (n. n.)]J64
`--M. minutissima Mighels 1843J49
Peloris Poli 1791BR05
‘Venilia’ Morton 1833 non Rafinesque 1815BR05
Fasciculiconcha guangxiensisZP86
Conradilla caelataUSDI77
Cyrtonaias tampicoensisUSDI77
PlethobasisUSDI77
|--P. cicatricosusUSDI77
|--P. cooperianusUSDI77
`--P. cyphaB66
PapyrideaBD86
|--P. australe (Sowerby 1834)BD86
`--P. papyraceum (Gmelin 1791)BD86
Mesosaccella Chavan 1946SY85
Danlengiconcha Lu 1978K84
FerganoconchaZZ88
NakamuranaiaZZ88
|--N. chingshanensisZZ88
|--N. subrotundaZZ88
`--N. zhejiangensisZZ88
SibireconchaZZ88
|--S. anodontoidesZZ88
`--S. jenissejensisZZ88
Solenaia menyinensisZZ88
PseudocardiniidaeSB93
|--Tutuella chachlovi Ragozin 1938SB93
|--Utschamiella tungussica Ragozin 1938SB93
`--KijaSB93
|--K. kibetenensis Lebedev 1958SB93
`--K. tjazhinensis Lebedev 1958SB93
ActinoceramusKK08
|--A. concentricusKK08
`--A. salomoni (d’Orbigny 1850)KK08
ActinopterellaF71
|--A. lamellosa Sherrard 1959F71
`--A. minuta Sherrard 1959F71
ActinopteriaF71 [incl. Clathrocoelia Hall 1879F62]
|--A. australis Dun 1896F71
`--A. decussata [incl. *Clathrocoelia eborica Hall 1879]F62
AstartilaF71
AucellaF71
|--A. hausmanniG31
`--A. hughendensisF71
Girtypecten tessellatus [=Aviculopecten tessellatus]F71
Burrier dunii Laseron 1910F71
CleobisF71
|--C. grandis (Dana 1849) (see below for synonymy)F71
`--C. gryphoides [=Cardiomorpha gryphoides, Megadesmus (Megadesmus) gryphoides]F71
Corimya primulaF71
Cypricardinia Hall 1859SB93
|--C. gregarius (Etheridge 1900) [=Pleurophorus gregarius; incl. P. gregarius var. inflata Laseron 1910]F71
|--C. minimaBRW98
|--C. sinensisG31
`--C. subelegansG31
Cytheria mooreiF71
Diaphragmella merismopteroides Etheridge 1918F71
Permopecten aviculatum [=Entolium aviculatum]F71
Glyptodesma bundanoonensis Etheridge 1917F71
GlyptoledaF71
|--G. glomerata Fletcher 1945F71
`--G. reidi Fletcher 1945F71
GrammatodonBRW98
|--G. daintreei Etheridge 1907F71
`--G. robustaBRW98
Grammysioides declivis Sherrard 1959F71
MaccoyellaF71
|--M. barklyiF71
|--M. corbiensisF71
|--M. mariaeburnensisC16
|--M. reflectaF71
|--M. rookwoodensisBRW98
|--M. subangularisBRW98
`--M. umbonalisF71
Nucundata darwini [=Nuculana darwini, Phestia darwini, Tellinomya darwini]F71
PachydomusF71
|--P. globosusE89
`--P. sacculus M’Coy 1847F71
ProtovirgusF71
|--P. dunstani (Etheridge 1888) [=Unio dunstani]F71
`--P. flemingi McMichael 1956F71
Solenomya translineata Laseron 1910F71
TatellaBRW98
|--T. aptianaF71
`--T. maranoanaBRW98
NototrigoniaBRW98
|--N. cinctuta (Etheridge 1902) [=Trigonia cinctuta]F71
`--N. minimaBRW98
Undulomya rugulata Fletcher 1946F71
UnionellaF71
|--U. bowralensis Etheridge 1888F71
|--U. carnei Etheridge 1888F71
`--U. wianamattensis (Etheridge 1888) [=Unio wianamattensis]F71
Mysidioptera Salomon 1895 [=Latemaria Wilckens 1909]W60
|--*M. ornata Salomon 1895 (see below for synonymy)W60
|--M. exima Diener 1913W60
|--M. globosa Broili 1930 [=M. (Latemaria) globosa]W60
|--M. globularis (Trechmann 1918) [=Megalodon globularis]W60
|--M. kittlii Bittner 1895 [=M. (*Latemaria) kittlii]W60
|--M. obliqua Broili 1903W60
|--M. riceae Waterhouse 1960W60
|--M. vixcostataW60
`--M. woehrmanni Salomon 1895W60
Hokonuia Trechmann 1918W60
`--H. limaeformis Trechmann 1918 (see below for synonymy)W60
Cardiomorpha nuggetensis Trechmann 1918W60
Fissilunula clarkeiH75
Apidopholas Fischer 1887H75
Karadjalia venustaH79
VolviceramusK79
|--V. exogyroidesK79
`--V. involutusK79
CremnoceramusK79
|--C. inconstansK79
|--C. koeneniK79
`--C. wandereriK79
EndocosteaK79
|--E. balticaK79
`--E. typicaK79
Enantiostreon difforme (Schlotheim 1820)KL04
EuryniaD56 [=Euryma (l. c.)B64]
`--E. irisD56
Camya Hinz-Schallreuter 1995M12
Arhouriella Geyer & Streng 1998M12
Mixtipecten amuriensis (Woods 1917)S98
Pectenoproductus Likharev 1930M65
`--*P. proprius Likharev 1930M65
Halophiala Koken 1925KC60
Shaanxiconcha cliovataHH09
ObovariaV16
|--O. levigata (Rafinesque 1820) [=Unio levigata, Elliptio levigata; incl. Obovaria lens Lea 1831]V16
|--O. olivaria (Rafinesque 1820) [=Amblema olivaria, Unio olivaria; incl. Obovaria ellipsis Lea 1828]V16
|--O. retusa Lam. 1819 [incl. O. torsa Rafinesque 1820, Unio torsa]V16
`--O. subrotunda (Rafinesque 1820) (see below for synonymy)V16
Symphynota viridis (Rafinesque 1820) [=Unio viridis, Elliptio viridis]V16
SolenellaH86
|--S. australis [incl. Nucula ornata]H86
`--S. funiculataH86
MacrodonH86
|--M. australisH86
|--M. kingianumG31
|--M. naliwkiniG31
|--M. striatumG31
`--M. verneuilianumG31
Raetellops pulchella (Adams & Reeve 1850)XZ10
Coelomactra antiquata (Spengler 1802)XZ10
Nitidotellina iridella (Mastensi 1868)XZ10
TrigonothraciaXZ10
|--T. jinxingae Xu 1980XZ10
`--T. pusilla (Gould 1861)XZ10
Avella sinica (Wang & Qi 1984)XZ10
Talonostrea talonata Li & Qi 1994XZ10
Sinolyonsia sinica Xu 1992XZ10
Porterius dalli (Smith 1885)XZ10
Crassithracia ovata (Xu 1989)XZ10
Bulluniella borealisP08
Pseudomyonia Runnegar 1983P08
Gastrana fragilisPP64
Alba tenuisPP64
‘Pleurodonta’ Conrath 1887 non Herrmanssen 1847BR17
CaesariellaJB12
PaleostrabaJB12
ChesapectenP12
|--C. jeffersonius (Say 1824)P94
|--C. middlesexensisP12
`--C. palmyrensis (Mansfield 1936)P94
Mansfieldostrea geraldjohnsoniP12
DualinaT08
|--‘Nautilus’ desideratus Barrande 1865–1867T08
`--D. longiuscula (Barrande 1881)T08
Algerina algena Kříž 2008T08
SainshandiaV-RR93
|--S. bainshirensisV-RR93
|--S. dushiulensisV-RR93
|--S. mongolicaV-RR93
`--S. ongonulensisV-RR93
PseudohyriaV-RR93
|--P. cardiiformisV-RR93
|--P. debilicostataV-RR93
`--P. marginodentataV-RR93
PlicatotrigonioidesV-RR93
|--P. gobiaensisV-RR93
`--P. khamariensisV-RR93
Gogiola multicostataV-RR93
BuginellaV-RR93
|--B. buginicaV-RR93
`--B. pseudoanodontaV-RR93
Plicatella transalticaV-RR93
Carnalpia rostrata Křiž 1974D94
Tindaria [Tindariidae]SB93
|--T. arata Bellardi 1875SB93
`--T. calistiformisBRW98
Pachymytilus Zittel 1881SB93
Pseudopachymytilus Krumbeck 1923SB93
Boiomytilus Růžička & Prantl 1961SB93
Glendella dickinsi Runnegar 1970SB93
Sichuania marwicki Waterhouse 1980SB93
Carditomantea spinata Quenstedt 1929SB93
Cypricardella Hall 1858SB93
Rhaetidia zittellii Bittner 1895SB93
Ceromyella miotaurina Sacco 1901SB93
Roxoa intrigans (Mendes 1944)SB93
PrilukiellidaeSB93
|--Amnigeniella kumsassiana (Ragozin 1960)SB93
`--Microdontella problematica Lebedev 1944SB93
PalaeomutelidaeSB93
Linga De Gregorio 1884AJH07
`--L. pisiformisBR90
Thyella lamellosa [incl. Cumingia elegans]M01
Ciliatocardium ciliatumHG98
Serratina eugoniaPG98
Stagnestesta Tasch 1961T61
`--*S. solitaria Tasch 1961T61
Rostrotortus Tasch 1961T61
`--*R. dissimilis Tasch 1961T61
Productae Tasch 1961T61
`--*P. dunbaris Tasch 1961T61
Elliptoidea Tasch 1961T61
`--*E. vulgaris Tasch 1961T61
Harvella elegansC64
Gratelupia hydeanaC64
MactrellaC64
|--M. carinata [incl. M. alata]C64
`--M. exoletaC64
Pseudobakewellia krasnowidowoensisG31
NetschajewiaG31
|--N. elongataG31
`--N. globosaG31
Pleurophorina simplexG31
PleurophorusG31
Alula kutorgiG31
BakewelliaG31
|--B. antiquaG31
|--B. bicarinataG31
|--B. ceratophagaG31
|--B. ladinaG31
|--B. nikitowkensisG31
`--B. sulcataG31
Cyrtodontarca bakewellioidesG31
Clinopristha radiataG31
Angustella praeangusta [=Gervilleia praeangusta]G31
Palaeostrea sinensisG31
Cucullopsis quadrataG31
Acanthopecten shansiensisG31
PosidoniellaG31
|--P. elongataG31
|--P. laevisG31
|--P. pyriformisG31
|--P. variabilisG31
|--P. vetustaG31
`--P. yuaniG31
Vola praecursorG31
PosidonomyaG31
|--P. becheriG31
`--P. bronni (Zieten 1850) [=Posidonia bronni]CD53
Trigonicardia antillarumWE63
CanthyriaN65b
|--C. collinaN65b
`--C. spinosaN65b
Schistodesmus lampreyanusN65b
Dozierella gouldiiN65a
Terraia altissimaEB99
AnapaTW76
|--A. smithiiTW76
|--A. tasmanica Tenison Woods 1876TW76
`--A. triquetraTW76
CyrenopsisBRW98
|--C. hudlestoniBRW98
`--C. meekiBRW98
Indogrammatodon robustaBRW98
Laevitrigonia lineataBRW98
Maranoana etheridgeiBRW98
TancretellaBRW98
|--T. planaBRW98
`--T. secundaBRW98
Nargunella comptoraeBRW98
Mesohydrilla ipsvichensisBRW98
Opisthotrigonia nasutaBRW98
Bositra buchiE04
Planostrea pestigris [incl. Ostrea ordensis Saville-Kent 1891]WBS-S15
Navicula Blainville 1825 non Bory de St. Vincent 1822 (ICBN)PB29
|--*N. noae (Linnaeus 1758)PB29, M12 [=Arca noaePB29]
|--N. cottoni (Waghorn 1926) [=Arca cottoni]PB29
|--N. pittensis (Marwick 1928) [=Arca pittensis]PB29
|--N. subvelata (Suter 1917) [=Arca subvelata]PB29
`--N. waitemataensis Powell & Bartrum 1929PB29
Ensipteria intermediaX89
Eurymyella xitunensisYX95
Baluchicardia beaumonti (d’Archiac & Haime 1854) [=Cardita beaumonti]MP14
Zirfaea pilsbryi Lowe 1931K73
HomomyaCD53
|--H. alsatica Agass. 1842–1845CD53
|--H. gibbosa (Sow. 1815) [=Mactra gibbosa, Pholadomya gibbosa]CD53
|--H. konincki Chapuis & Dewalque 1853CD53
|--H. terquemi Chapuis & Dewalque 1853CD53
`--H. ventricosaCD53
CeromyaCD53
|--C. conformis (Agassiz 1845) [=Gresslya conformis]CD53
|--C. gregaria (Roemer 1836) [=Lutraria gregaria, Gresslya gregaria]CD53
|--C. latior [incl. Lyonsia abducta D’Orb. 1850]CD53
|--C. lunulata (Ag. 1845) [=Gresslya lunulata; incl. Lyonsia latirostris D’Orb. 1850, G. ovata Ag. 1845]CD53
|--C. majorCD53
|--C. striatopunctata (Munster & Goldf. 1834–1840) (see below for synonymy)CD53
`--C. truncata (Ag. 1842–1845) (see below for synonymy)CD53
PachyodonCD53
|--P. cuneatusCD53
`--P. ovalisCD53
Hettangia ovata Terquem in Chapuis & Dewalque 1853CD53
Sachella taphria (Dall 1896)R72
LyropectenR72
|--L. cerrosensis (Gabb 1866)R72
`--L. olgensis (Mansfield 1939)P94
Lirodiscus smithvillensisC94
ConradostreaP94
|--C. compressirostra (Dall 1898)P94
`--C. disparilis (Conrad 1840)P94
CarolinapectenP94
|--C. buckinghamensis (Mansfield 1939)P94
`--C. tamiamiensis (Mansfield 1932)P94
Autobranchia [Anatinacea, Autolamellibranchiata, Chamacea, Dimyaria, Eulamellibranchia, Heteroconchia, Lamellibranchia, Lucinata, Lucinoida, Mesosyntheta, Metabranchia, Mytilacea, Mytiliformii, Prionodesmacea]PC11
Bivalvia [Acephala, Arcacea, Aviculae, Bimusculosa, Cryptodonta, Nuculiformii, Nuculoida, Palaeotaxodonta, Pelecypoda, Protobranchia, Solenacea, Tropiopoda]
Ceromya striatopunctata (Munster & Goldf. 1834–1840) [=Lutraria striatopunctata, Gresslya striatopunctata, Lyonsia striatopunctata]CD53
Ceromya truncata (Ag. 1842–1845) [=Gresslya truncata; incl. Unio peregrinus Phill. 1829, Lyonsia peregrina, Gresslya rostrata Ag. 1842–1845]CD53
Cleobis grandis (Dana 1849) [=Maeonia grandis, Megadesmus (Cleobis) grandis; incl. Pachydomus gigas M’Coy 1847, Maeonia gigas, Myonia gigas, Ma. gracilis Dana 1849, Megadesmus (Cleobis) gracilis, Myonia gracilis, Globicarina grossula Waterhouse 1965, Cleobis robusta Laseron 1910]F71
Hokonuia limaeformis Trechmann 1918 [incl. Nuggetia morganiana Wilckens 1927, H. parki Wilckens 1927, H. rotundata Trechmann 1918]W60
*Mysidioptera ornata Salomon 1895 [incl. M. ornata var. laevigata Bittner 1895, M. ornata var. lombardica Bittner 1895]W60
Obovaria subrotunda (Rafinesque 1820) [=Obliquaria subrotunda, Unio subrotunda; incl. Obovaria circulus Lea 1829, O. striata Rafinesque 1820, Unio striata]V16
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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