Belongs within: Orthosterni.
Contains: Microtityus, Buthinae, Tityus.
The Buthoidea are a group of scorpions that lack ventral trichobothria on the patella of the chela (Soleglad & Fet 2001). Members are currently divided between the cosmopolitan Buthidae and the Madagascan Microcharmidae though it has been suggested that the latter represents a subgroup of the former. Within the Buthidae, the fat-tail scorpions of the genus Androctonus are particularly notorious for their powerful venom.
<==Buthoidea
|--MicrocharmidaeSF01
`--Buthidae [Androctonidae, Androctonini, Androctonoidae, Buthoidae, Centruridae, Centrurini]B-TN08
| i. s.: Charmus laneusK92
| UroplectesJ98
| |--U. emiliae (Werner 1916) [=Lychas emiliae]J98
| |--U. occidentalisL49
| `--U. schlechteriVP08
| MicrotityusB-TN08
| LissothusSF01
| KarasbergiaS-BF04
| MicrobuthusS-BF04
| OrthochirusSF01
| ZabiusSF01
| PakistanorthochirusSF01
| BaloorthochirusSF01
| OrthochiroidesSF01
| ApistobuthusSF01
| RazianusSF01
| Palaeolychas balticus Lourenço & Weitschat 1996S-BF04
| Palaeotityobuthus longiaculeus Lourenço & Weitschat 2000S-BF04
| Palaeoprotobuthus pusillus Lourenço & Weitschat 2000S-BF04
| Palaeoakentrobuthus knodeli Lourenço & Weitschat 2000S-BF04
| Palaeoananteris ribnitiodamgartensis Lourenço & Weitschart 2001S-BF04
| Grosphus hirtus Kraepelin 1901AS-N08
| Stenochirus Karsch 1892K92
| `--*S. sarasinorum Karsch 1892K92
| Rhopalurus Thorell 1876B-TN08
| `--R. rochai (Borelli 1910)SS08
| CentrurusB06 [CentrurinaeK77]
| |--C. degeeriT89
| |--C. nitidusT89
| |--C. princepsPP72
| |--C. tenuisT89
| `--C. vittatusB06
| Ananteris Thorell 1891B-TN08 [AnanterinaeK77]
| |--*A. balzanii Thorell 1891B-T08
| |--A. arcadioi Botero-Trujillo 2008B-T08
| |--A. ashmolei Lourenço 1981B-T08
| |--A. charlescorfieldi Lourenço 2001AO02
| |--A. columbiana Lourenço 1991B-TN08
| |--A. cussinii Borelli 1910B-T08
| |--A. dorae Botero-Trujillo 2008B-T08
| |--A. ehrlichi Lourenço 1994B-T08
| |--A. gorgonae Lourenço & Flórez 1989B-T08
| |--A. leilae Lourenço 1999B-T08
| |--A. myriamae Botero-Trujillo 2007B-T08
| |--A. pydanieli Lourenço 1982L-M-HG08
| `--A. tolimana Teruel & García 2007B-T08
| Troglorhopalurus translucidusVP08
| Troglotityobuthus gracilisVP08
|--+--Hottentotta trilineatusSF15
| `--+--Androctonus Ehrenberg 1828SF15, SO18
| | |--A. australis (Linnaeus 1758)GE02
| | `--A. bicolorSF01
| `--Mesobuthus Vachon 1950SF15, GK04
| | i. s.: M. martensiiSF15
| |--M. caucasicus (Nordmann 1840)GK04
| |--M. eupeus (Koch 1839)GK04
| `--+--M. cyprius Gantenbein & Kropf 2000GK04
| `--M. gibbosus (Brullé 1832)GK04
`--+--ButhinaeSF15
`--+--ParabuthusSF15
| |--P. brevimanus [=Buthus brevimanus]P01
| |--P. cristatus Pocock 1901P01
| |--P. granulatus (Ehrenberg 1831) [incl. P. granulatus bergeri Werner 1916]J98
| | |--P. g. granulatusP01
| | `--P. g. fuscus Pocock 1901P01
| |--P. laevifrons (Simon 1888) [incl. P. ibelli Werner 1916]J98
| `--P. transvaalicusSF15
`--+--TityusSF15
`--Centruroides Marx 1890SF15, B-TN08
|--C. exilicauda (Wood 1863)SS08
|--C. gracilis (Latreille 1804)SS08
|--C. hentziCS90
|--C. hoffmanni Armas 1996S-LFP13
|--C. limpidus (Karsch 1879)S-LFP13
|--C. margaritatus (Gervais 1841)AO02
|--C. nigrimanus (Pocock 1898)C-MF13
|--C. nigrovariatus (Pocock 1898)S-LFP13
|--C. nitidusSF01 [incl. C. beynai Schawaller 1979SF01, P92]
|--C. sculpturatusSF15
|--C. suffusus Pocock 1902C-MF13
|--C. thorelliB60
`--C. vittatus (Say 1821)S00
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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[AS-N08] Aguiar, A. P. N., P. L. Santana-Neto, J. R. B. Souza & C. M. R. de Albuquerque. 2008. Relationship between litter characteristics and female size in Tityus stigmurus (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 464–467.
[B06] Banks, N. 1906. Arachnida from the Bahamas. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 185–189.
[B60] Beer, R. E. 1960. A new species of Pimeliaphilus (Acarina: Pterygosomidae) parasitic on scorpions, with discussion of its postembryonic development. Journal of Parasitology 46 (4): 433–440.
[B-T08] Botero-Trujillo, R. 2008. The scorpion genus Ananteris in Colombia: comments on the taxonomy and description of two new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 287–299.
[B-TN08] Botero-Trujillo, R., & J. A. Noriega. 2008. First record of the scorpion genus Microtityus from Colombia, with the description of a new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 259–266.
[CS90] Corey, D. T., & I. J. Stout. 1990. Ground surface arachnids in sandhill communities of Florida. Journal of Arachnology 18: 167–172.
[C-MF13] Cupul-Magaña, F. G., & O. F. Francke. 2013. Tres especies de alacranes (Scorpiones: Buthidae y Vaejovidae) embotellados en mezcal mexicano. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 22: 123–124.
[GK04] Gantenbein, B., & P. D. Keightley. 2004. Rates of molecular evolution in nuclear genes of east Mediterranean scorpions. Evolution 58 (11): 2486–2497.
[GE02] Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe, W. C. Wheeler & C. Babbitt. 2002. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: a combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. Cladistics 18: 5–70.
[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.
[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.
[K77] Koch, L. E. 1977. The taxonomy, geographic distribution and evolutionary radiation of Australo-Papuan scorpions. Records of the Western Australian Museum 5 (2): 83–367.
[L49] Lawrence, R. F. 1949. A collection of Opiliones and scorpions from north-east Angola made by Dr. A. de Barros Machados in 1948. Diamang Publicações Culturais 1949: 1–20.
[L-M-HG08] Lo-Man-Hung, N. F., T. A. Gardner, M. A. Ribeiro-Júnior, J. Barlow & A. B. Bonaldo. 2008. The value of primary, secondary, and plantation forests for Neotropical epigeic arachnids. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 394–401.
[PP72] Parkin, P., D. T. Parkin, A. W. Ewing & H. A. Ford. 1972. A report on the arthropods collected by the Edinburgh University Galapagos Islands expedition, 1968. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (2): 100–107.
[P01] Pocock, R. I. 1901. Descriptions of some new African Arachnida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 284–288.
[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.
[S-BF04] Santiago-Blay, J. A., V. Fet, M. E. Soleglad & P. R. Craig. 2004. The second Cretaceous scorpion specimen from Burmese amber (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2 (2): 147–152.
[S-LFP13] Santibáñez-López, C. E., O. F. Francke & L. Prendini. 2013. Systematics of the keyserlingii group of Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Diplocentridae), with descriptions of three new species from Oaxaca, Mexico. American Museum Novitates 3777: 1–47.
[SS08] Sarmento, S. M. N., A. M. de Souza, M. V. Meiado & C. M. R. de Albuquerque. 2008. Notes on the life history traits of Rhopalurus rochai (Scorpiones, Buthidae) under different feeding regimes. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 476–479.
[SF15] Sharma, P. P., R. Fernández, L. A. Esposito, E. González-Santillán & L. Monod. 2015. Phylogenomic resolution of scorpions reveals multilevel discordance with morphological phylogenetic signal. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 282: 20142953.
[S00] Shultz, J. W. 2000. Skeletomuscular anatomy of the harvestman Leiobunum aldrichi (Weed, 1893) (Arachnida: Opiliones: Palpatores) and its evolutionary significance. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 128: 401–438.
[SF01] Soleglad, M. E., & V. Fet. 2001. Evolution of scorpion orthobothriotaxy: a cladistic approach. Euscorpius 1: 1–38.
[SO18] Šťáhlavský, F., V. Opatova, P. Just, L. N. Lotz & C. R. Haddad. 2018. Molecular technique reveals high variability of 18S rDNA distribution in harvestmen (Opiliones, Phalangiidae) from South Africa. Comparative Cytogenetics 12 (1): 41–59.
[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI.—Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885–1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 7: 521–729.
[VP08] Volschenk, E. S., & L. Prendini. 2008. Aops oncodactylus, gen. et sp. nov., the first troglobitic urodacid (Urodacidae: Scorpiones), with a re-assessment of cavernicolous, troglobitic and troglomorphic scorpions. Invertebrate Systematics 22: 235–257.