Belongs within: Artiodactyla.
Contains: Stenomylinae.
The Camelidae are long-necked herbivorous mammals with living species native to Africa, Asia and South America. Members of this group have a three-chambered ruminating stomach. Though no longer found there in the wild, the earliest fossil camelids originated in North America (Prothero 1996).
Characters (from Prothero 1996): Upper molars fully selenodont, transversely compressed, relatively high-crowned, with straight ectolophs, with fossettes that are closed anteriorly and posteriorly after moderate wear. Rostrum relatively long, narrow. Postorbital processes well developed, nearly or completely closed. Inflated tympanic bulla filled with cancellous bone, indented by deep tympanohyal groove. Angular process on mandible with distinctive dorsal hook. Middle metapodials long, unfused to fused, distally divergent, with metacarpals II and IV and metatarsals II and V reduced to nodules. Metatarsals III and IV with flattened dorsal surfaces, distal keels not extending to dorsal side. Fibular facet on calcaneum with proximal convexity and dorsal concavity.
<==Camelidae |--Poebrodon Gazin 1955 [Poebrodoninae]P96 | |--*P. kayi Gazin 1955P96 | `--P. californicus Golz 1976W96 `--+--Poebrotherium Leidy 1847P96 | |--*P. wilsoni Leidy 1847 [incl. P. andersoni Troxell 1917]P96 | |--P. chadronense Prothero 1996P96 | |--P. eximium Hay 1902P96 | `--P. franki Wilson 1974P96 `--+--Paratylopus Matthew 1904P96 | |--*P. primaevus (Matthew 1904) [=Miolabis (*Paratylopus) primaevus]P96 | `--P. labiatus (Cope 1881) [=Poebrotherium labiatum]P96 `--+--Paralabis Lull 1921P96 | `--*P. cedrensis (Matthew 1901)P96 (see below for synonymy) `--+--StenomylinaeP96 `--+--+--AguascalientiaP96 | `--Floridatragulus White 1940P96, M66 [incl. Hypermekops White 1942M66] | |--F. barbouri White 1947M66 | |--F. dolichanthereus White 1940 [incl. Hypermekops olseni White 1942]M66 | `--‘Miotylopus’ wilsoni Dalquest & Mooser 1974P96 `--+--Nothokematinae [Nothokemadidae]P96 | |--Nothokemas White 1947M66 | | `--N. floridanus (Simpson 1932) (see below for synonymy)M66 | `--Gentilicamelus Loomis 1936P96, M66 (see below for synonymy) | `--*G. sternbergi (Cope 1879)M66 (see below for synonymy) `--+--Oxydactylus Peterson 1904P96 | | i. s.: *O. longipes Peterson 1904M66 | | O. brachyodontusM66 | | O. exilisM66 | | O. lagotaM66 | | ‘Gomphotherium’ serus Douglass 1900P96 | | O. wyomingensis (Loomis 1936) [=Gentilicamelus wyomingensis]M66 | |--O. campestris Cook 1909M66, P96 | `--+--O. cameloides (Wortman 1898)M66 [=Gomphotherium cameloidesP96, Paratylopus cameloidesM66] | `--O. wortmani (Lull 1921) [=Paratylopus wortmani]M66 |--Aepycamelus Leidy 1886D07 [AepycamelinaeP96] | |--A. alexandraeD07 | |--A. bradyiD07 | |--A. elrodiD07 | |--A. giraffinusD07 | |--A. majorD07 | |--A. priscusD07 | |--A. procerasD07 | |--A. robustusD07 | `--A. stockiD07 `--+--Camelus Linnaeus 1758FS15, L58 | | i. s.: C. glama Linnaeus 1758L58 | | C. pacos Linnaeus 1758L58 | | C. sivalensisG78 | | C. thomasi Pomel 1893G78 | |--C. dromedarius Linnaeus 1758FS15, L58 | `--+--C. bactrianus Linnaeus 1758GC-BG04 | `--C. ferus Przewalski 1878FS15, GC-BG04 `--+--PalaeolamaFS15 | |--P. weddeliFS15 | `--+--P. majorFS15 | `--P. mirificaFS15 `--+--Camelops hesternusFS15 `--+--HemiaucheniaFS15 | |--H. macrocephalaFS15 | `--H. paradoxaFS15 `--+--VicugnaFS15 | |--V. pacos (Linnaeus 1758)GC-BG04 | `--V. vicugna (Molina 1782)GC-BG04 `--LamaFS15 |--L. glama (Linnaeus 1758)GC-BG04 |--L. guanicoe (Müller 1776)GC-BG04 `--L. pacosF84 Camelidae incertae sedis: AucheniaC77 |--A. lamaC77 `--A. pacoG42 AlticamelusM66 Protolabis Cope 1876C77 `--P. heterodontusC77 Pliauchenia Cope 1875C77 |--P. humphresiana Cope 1875C77 `--P. vulcanorum Cope 1875C77 Procamelus Leidy 1858C77 |--P. angustidensC77 |--P. coartatusD07 |--P. fissidens Cope 1876C77 |--P. gaziniD07 |--P. gracilis Leidy 1858C77 |--P. grandisD07 |--P. leptocolonD07 |--P. occidentalis Leidy 1858C77 `--P. robustusC77 Protomeryx Leidy 1856 (n. d.)M66 `--P. halli Leidy 1856 (n. d.)P96
Gentilicamelus Loomis 1936P96, M66 [=Gomphotherium Cope 1886 nec Burmeister 1837 nec Filhol 1884M66]
*Gentilicamelus sternbergi (Cope 1879)M66 [=Poebrotherium sternbergiP96, *Gomphotherium sternbergiM66, Miolabis (Paratylopus) sternbergiM66, Protomeryx sternbergiM66]
Nothokemas floridanus (Simpson 1932) [=Oxydactylus floridanus; incl. Paratylopus grandis White 1940]M66
*Paralabis cedrensis (Matthew 1901)P96 [=Protomeryx cedrensisP96, Gentilicamalus (Protomeryx) cederensis (l. c.)P96, Oxydactylus cedrensisP98, Pr. campester Matthew 1901 non O. campestrisP96, Gentilicamelus (Protomeryx) campestrisP96; incl. Pseudolabis (Paralabis) matthewi Lull 1921P96, Paratylopus matthewiM66]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.
[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.
[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.
[F84] Franklin, W. L. 1984. Camels and llamas. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals pp. 72–75. Torstar Books: New York.
[G78] Gentry, A. W. 1978. Tragulidae and Camelidae. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 536–539. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).
[GC-BG04] Gentry, A., J. Clutton-Brock & C. P. Groves. 2004. The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 645–651.
[G42] Gulliver, G. 1842. Observations on the muscular fibres of the oesophagus and heart in some of the vertebrate animals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 10: 63–72.
[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.
[M66] McKenna, M. C. 1966. Synopsis of Whitneyan and Arikareean camelid phylogeny. American Museum Novitates 2253: 1–11.
[P96] Prothero, D. R. 1996. Camelidae. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 609–651. Cambridge University Press.
[P98] Prothero, D. R. 1998. Bringing Fossils to Life: An introduction to paleobiology. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.
[W96] Walsh, S. L. 1996. S. Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 75–119. Cambridge University Press.