Belongs within: Gunneridae.
Contains: Nepenthes, Droseraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Polygonaceae, Cactineae, Phytolaccineae, Caryophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Frankeniaceae.
The Caryophyllales were defined by Cantino et al. (2007) as the most exclusive clade containing Dianthus caryophyllus, Polygonum sachalinense, Simmondsia chinensis and Rhabdodendron amazonicum. This clade is well supported by molecular studies, but the only possible morphological synapomorphy so far identified is the presence of anthers with the outer parietal cells developing directly into the endothecium (Cantino et al. 2007).
Members of Caryophyllales include the Tamaricaceae, tamarisks, a group of trees and shrubs with generally scale-like leaves found in drier regions of the Old World. Simmondsia chinensis, jojoba, is a shrub native to southwestern North America that is cultivated as a source of cosmetic oil.
<==Caryophyllales [Caryophyllidae]
|--AsteropeiaT00 [AsteropeiaceaePT01]
|--RhabdodendronCD07 [RhabdodendraceaePT01]
| `--R. amazonicum (Spruce ex Benth.) Huber 1909CD07
|--AncistrocladineaeT00
| |--NepenthesT00
| |--DroseraceaeT00
| |--Ancistrocladus [Ancistrocladaceae]T00
| | `--A. tectoriusT00
| `--DioncophyllaceaeT00
| |--DioncophyllumT00
| |--HabropetalumT00
| `--TriphyophyllumT00
|--Centrospermae [Caryophyllanae, Polygonales]T00
| |--PlumbaginaceaeT00
| |--PolygonaceaeT00
| `--Chenopodiales [Chenopodiiflorae]T00
| |--CactineaeT00
| |--PhytolaccineaeT00
| |--CaryophyllaceaeT00
| |--Achatocarpaceae [Achatocarpineae]T00
| | |--AchatocarpusT00
| | `--Phaulothamnus spinescensT00, MF68
| `--ChenopodiineaeT00
| |--AmaranthaceaeT00
| `--ChenopodiaceaeT00
`--TamaricineaeT00
|--TamaricaceaeT00
| |--HololachnaT00
| |--MyrtamaT00
| |--Tamaricoxylon africaum (Kräusel) Boureau 1951CBH93
| |--MyricariaO88
| | |--M. davuricaO88
| | |--M. roseaO88
| | `--M. wardiiO88
| `--TamarixT00
| |--T. aphyllaKM08
| |--T. aralensisM68
| |--T. articulataD17
| |--T. balansaeD17
| |--T. chinensisRJ11
| |--T. dioicaVB02
| |--T. ericoidesM72
| |--T. gallica [incl. T. africana]H93
| |--T. geyrii Diels 1917D17
| |--T. hispidaZW16
| |--T. niloticaAGF98
| |--T. parvifloraNDA05
| |--T. pauciovulataD17
| |--T. pentandraNDA05
| |--T. ramosissimaH06
| `--T. tetragynaDHS19
`--FrankeniaceaeT00
Caryophyllales incertae sedis:
SimmondsiaT00 [SimmondsiaceaeAPG16, Simmondsiales]
`--S. chinensis (Link) Schneid. 1907CD07 [incl. S. californicaH93]
LimeaceaeAPG16
Kewa [Kewaceae]APG16
MicroteaT00 [MicroteaceaeAPG16, Microteoideae]
MacarthuriaT00 [MacarthuriaceaeAPG16]
|--M. apetalaGK00
|--M. intricataK90
|--N. neocambricaH90
`--M. vertexLK14
PhysenaT00 [PhysenaceaeAPG16]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.
[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.
[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.
[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.
[D17] Diels, L. 1917. Beiträge zur Flora der Zentral-Sahara und ihrer Pflanzengeographie. Nach der Sammelausbeute des Freiherrn Hans Geyr von Schweppenburg. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54 (Beiblatt 120): 51–155.
[DHS19] Dorchin, N., K. M. Harris & J. O. Stireman III. 2019. Phylogeny of the gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiinae): systematics, evolution of feeding modes and diversification rates. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 140: 106602.
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[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.
[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.
[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).
[K90] Keighery, G. J. 1990. Vegetation and flora of Shark Bay, Western Australia. In: Berry, P. F., S. D. Bradshaw & B. R. Wilson (eds) Research in Shark Bay: Report of the France-Australe Bicentenary Expedition Committee pp. 61–87. Western Australian Museum.
[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.
[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.
[M72] Mitra, S. N. 1972. Observations on the vegetation of the Upper Damodar catchment area. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 17–25.
[MF68] Moran, R., & R. Felger. 1968. Castela polyandra, a new species in a new section; union of Holacantha with Castela (Simaroubaceae). Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 15 (4): 31–40.
[M68] Munz, P. A. 1968. Supplement to a California Flora. University of California Press.
[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the “Maltese mushroom” Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.
[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.
[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.
[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.
[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.
[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.
[ZW16] Zhang, Y.-G., H.-F. Wang, L.-L. Yang, X.-K. Zhou, X.-Y. Zhi, Y.-Q. Duan, M. Xiao, Y.-M. Zhang & W.-J. Li. 2016. Egibacter rhizosphaerae gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately halophilic, facultatively alkaliphilic actinobacterium and proposal of Egibacteraceae fam. nov. and Egibacterales ord. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 66: 283–289.