Chernetidae

Haplochernes funafutensis, copyright Richard Hasegawa.

Belongs within: Elassommatina.
Contains: Goniochernetinae.

The Chernetidae are a family of pseudoscorpions with acessory teeth in both fingers of the chelae, and well-developed venom ducts in the mobile chelal finger only (Muchmore 1990).

Characters (Muchmore 1990): Venedens and venom duct well developed in mobile chelal finger, poorly developed or absent in fixed finger; both chelal fingers with accessory teeth; femora of legs I and II quite different fron those of legs III and IV; tarsus of each leg undivided (each leg with five postcoxal segments).

<==Chernetidae [Myrmochernetidae]
    |--LamprochernetinaeH95
    |    |--AllochernesH95
    |    |    |--A. peregrinusM90
    |    |    `--A. wideriJ97
    |    |         |--A. w. wideriJ97
    |    |         `--A. w. phaleratus (Simon 1879) [=Chelifer phaleratus]J97
    |    |--Wyochernes hutsoniH95, M90
    |    |--LasiochernesH95
    |    |--NudochernesH95
    |    |    |--N. crassus Beier 1944J97
    |    |    |--N. granulatus Beier 1951J97
    |    |    |--N. longipes Beier 1944J97
    |    |    `--N. setiger Beier 1944J97
    |    |--Megachernes Beier 1932H95, H81
    |    |    |--*M. grandis (Beier 1930) [=Chernes grandis]H81
    |    |    |--M. barbatus Beier 1951J97
    |    |    |--M. papuanus Beier 1948J97
    |    |    |--M. penicillatus Beier 1948J97
    |    |    |--M. queenslandicus Beier 1948J97
    |    |    `--M. titanius Beier 1951J97
    |    |--LamprochernesH95 [incl. PycnochernesM90]
    |    |    |--L. nodosusCM07
    |    |    `--L. savignyi (Simon 1881) (see below for synonymy)J97
    |    `--Pselaphochernes Beier 1932H95, H09
    |         |--P. dubiusCM07
    |         |--P. lacertosus (Koch 1873) [=Chernes lacertosus]J97
    |         `--P. scorpioidesM90
    `--ChernetinaeH95
         |  i. s.: ChernesM90 [ChernetiniH95]
         |           |--C. capreolusT89
         |           |--C. cimicoides (Fabricius 1793) (see below for synonymy)J97
         |           |--C. iberus Koch 1873 [=Allochernes iberus]J97
         |           `--C. montigenus (Simon 1879) [=Chelifer montigenus, Allochernes montigenus]J97
         |         HesperochernesM90 [HesperochernetiniH95]
         |         Myrmochernetini [Xenochernetinae]H95
         |           |--Myrmochernes africanusH95
         |           `--Xenochernes caxingubaH95
         |         Americhernes oblongusH95, M90
         |         CordylochernesH95
         |           |--C. macrochelatusA99
         |           `--C. scorpioides (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. C. brasiliensis Beier 1932]J97
         |         Gomphochernes depressimanus (With 1908)H95, J97 [=Chelifer depressimanusJ97]
         |         MesochernesH95
         |         OdontochernesH95
         |         Barbaraella Harvey 1995H95
         |           `--*B. mainae Harvey 1995H95
         |         Teratochernes mirusH95
         |         Semeiochernes armigerH95
         |--+--LustrochernesMHG08
         |  |    |--L. caecusB55
         |  |    |--L. grossusM90
         |  |    |--L. pennsylvanicusM90
         |  |    `--L. subovatus (With 1908) [=Chelifer subovatus]J97
         |  `--+--ApatochernesMHG08
         |     |    |--A. cheliferoides Beier 1948J97
         |     |    |--A. curtulus Beier 1948J97
         |     |    |--A. nestoris Beier 1962NS00
         |     |    `--A. proximus Beier 1948J97
         |     `--+--Haplochernes Beier 1932MHG08, H81
         |        |    |--*H. boncicus (Karsch 1881) [=Chelifer boncicus]H81
         |        |    |--H. aterrimus Beier 1948J97
         |        |    |--H. atrimanus (Kästner 1927) [=Chelifer atrimanus]J97
         |        |    |--H. buxtoni (Kästner 1927) [=Chelifer buxtoni]J97
         |        |    |--H. funafutensis (With 1907) [=Chelifer funafutensis]J97
         |        |    |--H. hebridicus Beier 1940J97
         |        |    |--H. kraepeliniSF15
         |        |    |--H. ramosus (Koch & Keyserling 1885)J97 [=Chelifer ramosusJ97, Austrochernes ramosusH81]
         |        |    `--H. warburgiH83
         |        `--IncachernesMHG08
         |             |--I. mexicanusB55
         |             `--I. salvadoricus Beier 1955B55
         `--+--Pseudopilanus kuscheliMHG08
            `--+--Nesidiochernes Beier 1957MHG08, H81
               |    |--*N. maculatus Beier 1957H81
               |    |--N. australicus Beier 1966H81
               |    `--N. slateri Beier 1974H81
               `--+--+--Marachernes bellusMHG08
                  |  `--NesochernesMHG08
                  `--GoniochernetinaeMHG08

Chernetidae incertae sedis:
  Mexachernes Hoff 1947H09
  Parachernes Chamberlin 1931H81
    |--*P. ronnaii Chamberlin 1931H81
    |--P. cocophilus (Simon 1901) [=Chelifer cocophilus]J97
    |--P. insularis Beier 1935 [=P. (Argentochernes) insularis]J97
    |--P. nubilisC90
    |--P. sabulosus (Tullgren 1909) [=Chelifer sabulosus, P. (Argentochernes) sabulosus]H81
    `--P. vastitatis (Chamberlin 1923) (see below for synonymy)J97
  PachychernesM90
    |--P. effosusP92
    |--P. shelfordiM90
    `--P. subgracilis (With 1908) [=Chelifer subgracilis]J97
  Dinochernes wallaceiM90
  Bituberochernes mumaeM90
  Tychochernes inflatusM90
  ZaonaM01
    |--*Z. biseriatumM01
    `--Z. cavicola Mahnert 2001M01
  Tejachernes stercoreusM90
  Chrysochernes elatusM90
  Mucrochernes Muchmore 1973M90, H09
    `--M. hirsutusM90
  Dendrochernes cyrneus (Koch 1873) [=Chernes cyrneus]J97
  Epactiochernes Muchmore 1974M90, H09
    |--E. tristisM90
    `--E. tumidusM90
  Acuminochernes [incl. Phoberocheirus]M90
    |--A. crassopalpusM90
    `--A. tacitusM90
  Mirochernes dentatusH95, M90
  DinocheirusM90
    |--D. pallidusM90
    |--D. sicariusM90
    `--D. uruguayanus Beier 1970M01
  IllinichernesM90
    |--I. distinctusM90
    `--I. stephensiM90
  Cacoxylus Beier 1965H95
    `--*C. echinatus (Beier 1964) [=Hebridochernes echinatus]H95
  Verrucachernes ocaH95
  Spelaeochernes Mahnert 2001M01
    |--*S. dentatus Mahnert 2001M01
    |--S. altamirae Mahnert 2001M01
    |--S. armatus Mahnert 2001M01
    |--S. bahiensis Mahnert 2001M01
    |--S. dubius Mahnert 2001M01
    |--S. eleonorae Mahnert 2001M01
    |--S. gracilipalpus Mahnert 2001M01
    `--S. pedroi Mahnert 2001M01
  EpichernesM01
  RhopalochernesM01
    |--*R. ohausi [=Chelifer ohausi]M01
    `--R. antillarum (With 1908) [=Chelifer antillarum]J97
  MacrochernesM01
  Maxchernes iporangae Mahnert & Andrade 1998M01
  Oligochernes bachofeniP92
  CaffrowithiusJ97
    |--C. aethiopicus (Beier 1944) [=Adelphochernes aethiopicus]J97
    |--C. harperi Judson 1991J97
    `--C. natalensis (Beier 1947) [=Pselaphochernes natalensis]J97
  Austrochernes Beier 1932H81
    `--*A. australiensis (With 1905) [=Chelifer australiensis]H81
  Acanthicochernes biseriatus Beier 1964J97
  Reischekia coracoides Beier 1948J97
  SmeringochernesJ97
    |--S. aequatorialisH83
    |--S. greensladeae Beier 1966J97
    |--S. novaeguineaeH83
    |--S. pauperculus Beier 1970J97
    |--S. plurisetosus Beier 1966J97
    `--S. salomonensis Beier 1964J97
  EumecochernesJ97
    |--E. hawaiiensis (Simon 1900) [=Chelifer hawaiiensis]J97
    |--E. oceanicus Beier 1932J97
    `--E. pacificus (With 1905) [=Chelifer pacificus]J97
  Dasychernes inquilinus Chamberlin 1929J97
  GelachernesJ97
    |--G. kolombangarensis Beier 1970J97
    `--G. salomonis Beier 1940J97
  HebridochernesJ97
    |--H. monstruosus Beier 1966J97
    |--H. paradoxus Beier 1940J97
    |--H. salomonensis Beier 1966J97
    `--H. submonstruosus Beier 1970J97
  Cyclochernes montanus Beier 1970J97
  Thalassochernes taierensis (With 1907) [=Chelifer taierensis]J97
  Paracanthicochernes uniseriatus Beier 1966J97
  Maorichernes vigil (With 1907) [=Chelifer vigil]J97
  Anaperochernes Beier 1964CH21
  Paraustrochernes Beier 1966H81
    `--*P. victorianus Beier 1966H81
  Sundochernes Beier 1932H81
    |--*S. modiglianii (Ellingsen 1911) [=Chelifer modiglianii]H81
    |--S. australiensis Beier 1954H81
    |--S. dewae Beier 1967H81
    |--S. dubius Beier 1954H81
    |--S. duanophilus Beier 1967H81
    `--S. queenslandicus Beier 1974H81
  Troglochernes Beier 1969H81
    `--*T. imitans Beier 1969H81

Chernes cimicoides (Fabricius 1793) [=Chelifer (Chernes) cimicoides; incl. Chelifer fasciatus Leach 1815, Chelifer geoffroyi Leach 1817, Chernes mengei Koch 1873, Chelifer olfersii Leach 1817]J97

Lamprochernes savignyi (Simon 1881) [incl. Chelifer celerrimus With 1908, C. pygmaeus Koch & Keyseling 1886, Haplochernes pygmaeus]J97

Parachernes vastitatis (Chamberlin 1923) [=Chelanops vastitatis, Dinocheirus vastitatis, Epaphochernes vastitatis]J97

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[B55] Beier, M. 1955. Ein neuer Incachernes aus El Salvador (Pseudoscorp.) Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 369–370.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[C90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[CH21] Cullen, K. L., & M. S. Harvey. 2021. New species of the pseudoscorpion genus Synsphyronus (Pseudoscorpiones: Garypidae) from Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 36: 33–65.

[H83] Hammen, L. van der. 1983. Contribution to the knowledge of the soil-fauna of New Guinea. Zoologische Verhandelingen 206: 1–36.

[H81] Harvey, M. S. 1981. A checklist of the Australian Pseudoscorpionida. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 5 (6): 237–252.

[H95] Harvey, M. S. 1995. Barbaraella gen. nov. and Cacoxylus Beier (Pseudoscorpionida: Chernetidae), two remarkable sexually dimorphic pseudoscorpions from Australasia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 199–208.

[H09] Harvey, M. S. 2009. The first Australasian species of the halophilic pseudoscorpion genus Paraliochthonius (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 329–344.

[J97] Judson, M. L. I. 1997. Catalogue of the pseudoscorpion types (Arachnida: Chelonethi) in the Natural History Museum, London. Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology 11: 1–54.

[M01] Mahnert, V. 2001. Cave-dwelling pseudoscorpions (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones) from Brazil. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 108 (1): 95–148.

[M90] Muchmore, W. B. 1990. Pseudoscorpionida. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 503–527. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[MHG08] Murienne, J., M. S. Harvey & G. Giribet. 2008. First molecular phylogeny of the major clades of Pseudoscorpiones (Arthropoda: Chelicerata). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 170–184.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[SF15] Sharma, P. P., R. Fernández, L. A. Esposito, E. González-Santillán & L. Monod. 2015. Phylogenomic resolution of scorpions reveals multilevel discordance with morphological phylogenetic signal. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 282: 20142953.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI.—Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885–1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 7: 521–729.

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