Belongs within: Acanthodii.
Contains: Eugeneodontiformes, Petalodontiformes, Selachimorpha, Pristidae, Rhinobatiformes, Rajiformes, Myliobatiformes, Torpediniformes, Subterbranchialia, Palaeoselachii, Ctenacanthiformes, Hybodontiformes.
The Chondrichthyes, commonly known as the cartilaginous fishes in reference to their distinction from other living jawed vertebrates in retaining a primarily cartilaginous skeleton, include the sharks, rays and chimaeras. Members of this clade are united by the presence of tessellate prismatic calcified cartilage (Davis et al. 2012).
The Euselachii are a major clade of chondrichthyan fishes, including all post-Palaeozoic sharks and rays and their relatives, united by the development of propterygial and mesopterygial cartilages supporting the pectoral fins (Bond 1996).
<==Chondrichthyes [Chondrichthiomorphi, Cladoselachii, Elasmobranchii, Euselachii, Paraselachimorpha]
|--PucapampellaDFC12
`--+--+--DoliodusDFC12
| `--TamiobatisDFC12
`--+--+--Tristychius arcuatusDFC12, Z90
| `--+--Neoselachii [Hypnosqualea, Selachii, Squalea]B96
| | | i. s.: Agaleus Duffin & Ward 1983 [Agaleidae]D01
| | | `--A. dorsetensis Duffin & Ward 1983D01
| | | Vallisia coppi Duffin 1982DC01
| | | Glaucostegus [Rhinopristiformes]VF21
| | | |--G. granulatusVF21
| | | |--G. halaviVF21
| | | `--G. thoinVF21
| | |--SelachimorphaMW07
| | `--Batoidea [Batoidei, Batomorphii, Platosomeae, Rajomorphii]MW07
| | | i. s.: PristidaeB96
| | | Heteronarce garmaniH72
| | | RhinobatiformesCL99
| | | Parapalaeobates [Parapalaeobatidae]CDZ93
| | | |--P. atlanticus Arambourg 1952CDZ93
| | | `--P. pygmaeus (Quaas 1902)CDZ93
| | | SulcidensVF21
| | |--RajiformesMW07
| | `--+--MyliobatiformesMW07
| | `--TorpediniformesMW07
| `--SubterbranchialiaCDZ93
`--+--PalaeoselachiiDFC12
`--+--Cladodoides wildungensisDFC12
`--Protoselachii [Xenacanthimorpha]B96
|--CtenacanthiformesDFC12
`--HybodontiformesB96
Chondrichthyes incertae sedis:
MongolepididaMG01
|--Shiqianolepis [Shiqianolepididae]MG01
| `--S. hollandiMG01
`--MongolepididaeMG01
|--Mongolepis rozmanaeMG01
|--Teslepis jucundaMG01
|--Sodolepis lucensMG01
`--XinjiangichthysMG01
|--X. pluridentatusMG01
`--X. tarimensisMG01
Pilolepis margaritifera Thorsteinsson 1973MG01, CDZ93
PolymerolepisMG01
HamiltonichthysB09
Kannathalepis Märss & Gagnier 2001 [Kannathalepididae]MG01
`--*K. milleri Märss & Gagnier 2001 [=Ekismodus tetragonum Märss & Gagnier 1999 (n. n.)]MG01
ElegestolepisMG01
|--E. conicaMG01
`--E. grossi Karatajute-Talimaa 1973CDZ93
Paracestracion sarstedtensisDC02
Serratolamna serrataPSB03
PetrodusW85
ListracanthusW85
CalopodusW85
Bathycheilodus St. John & Worthen 1875W85
Pristicladodus St. John & Worthen 1875W85
DiplodusW85
|--D. duplicatus [=Thrinacodus duplicatus]W85
|--D. gibbosus Agassiz 1837L85
`--D. incurvus [=Thrinacodus incurvus]W85
Cratoselache pruvostiW85
Amblypristis cheops Dames 1888G92
Geisacanthus St. John & Worthen 1875N05
Surcaudalus rostratus Leu 1989RE01
DebeeriusDFC12
OnychoselacheDFC12
*Styptobasis knightiana Cope 1891L85
Venustodus argutus (St John & Worthen 1875)L85
Emsolepis Turner 2004BT12
Bulbocanthus rugosus Bryant 1932CDZ93
Apedolepis tomlinsonaeTBN04
Cosmopolitodus hastalisLB10
Anareodus Long & Young 1995HL99
`--*A. statei Long & Young 1995HL99
Protacrodontidae [Protacrodontoidea]CDZ93
|--Protacrodus vetustus Jaekel 1921CDZ93
`--Holmesella Gunnell 1931CDZ93, H62
`--H. equilaterata Gunnell 1933CDZ93
Desmiodontidae [Desmiodontida, Desmiodontiformes]CDZ93
|--Desmiodus tumidus St John & Worthen 1875CDZ93
`--Heteropetalus elegantulus Lund 1977CDZ93
Coronodontidae [Coronodontida, Coronodontiformes]CDZ93
|--Coronodus reimanni Bryant 1923CDZ93
|--Diademodus Harris 1951AL99
| `--*D. hydei Harris 1950W85
`--Siamodus Long 1990AL99
EugeneodontiformesCDZ93
Orodontidae [Orodontiformes]CDZ93
|--Orodus ‘corrugatus’ Romer 1942 non Newberry & Worthen 1870CDZ93
`--Hercynolepis meischneri Gross 1973CDZ93
PetalodontiformesCDZ93
Squatinactis [Squatinactidae, Squatinactiformes]CDZ93
`--S. caudispinatus Lund & Zangerl 1974CDZ93
Plesioselachus Anderson, Long et al. 1999AL99
`--*P. macracanthus Anderson, Long et al. 1999AL99
Goodrichthys eskdalensisD93
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.
[B09] Brazeau, M. D. 2009. The braincase and jaws of a Devonian ‘acanthodian’ and modern gnathostome origins. Nature 457: 305–308.
[BT12] Burrow, C. J., & S. Turner. 2012. Fossil fish taphonomy and the contribution of microfossils in documenting Devonian vertebrate history. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 189–223. Springer.
[CDZ93] Cappetta, H., C. Duffin & J. Zidek. 1993. Chondrichthyes. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 593–609. Chapman & Hall: London.
[CL99] Compagno, L. J. V., & P. R. Last. 1999. Rhinidae (=Rhynchobatidae). Wedgefishes. In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae) pp. 1418–1422. FAO: Rome.
[DFC12] Davis, S. P., J. A. Finarelli & M. I. Coates. 2012. Acanthodes and shark-like conditions in the last common ancestor of modern gnathostomes. Nature 486: 247–250.
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[H72] Hulley, P. A. 1972. The origin, interrelationship and distribution of southern African Rajidae (Chondrichthyes, Batoidei). Annals of the South African Museum 60 (1): 1–103.
[LB10] Lambert, O., G. Bianucci, K. Post, C. de Muizon, R. Salas-Gismondi, M. Urbina & J. Reumer. 2010. The giant bite of a new raptorial sperm whale from the Miocene of Peru. Nature 466: 105–108.
[L85] Lund, R. 1985. Stethacanthid elasmobranch remains from the Bear Gulch Limestone (Namurian E2b) of Montana USA. American Museum Novitates 2828: 1–24.
[MW07] Mallatt, J., & C. J. Winchell. 2007. Ribosomal RNA genes and deuterostome phylogeny revisited: more cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, reptiles, and a brittle star. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 1005–1022.
[MG01] Märss, T., & P.-Y. Gagnier. 2001. A new chondrichthyan from the Wenlock, Lower Silurian, of Baillie-Hamilton Island, the Canadian Arctic. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (4): 693–701.
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[RE01] Ritchie, A., & G. D. Edgecombe. 2001. An odontogriphid from the Upper Permian of Australia. Palaeontology 44 (5): 861–874.
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