Chrysophyceae

Belongs within: Chrysista.
Contains: Paraphysomonadaceae, Synuraceae, Ochromonadales.

The Chrysophyceae are a clade of mostly motile, photosynthetic organisms, though both immotile and heterotrophic forms are included.

Characters (Adl et al. 2019): Predominately ciliated cells, but also capsoid, coccoid, filamentous and parenchymatous forms; swimming cells biciliated, one anteriorly directed and one laterally directed; tripartite mastigonemes with short and long lateral hairs on shaft; kinetosome usually with four microtubular kinetosomal roots and one large striated root or rhizoplast; ciliary transitional helix with 4–6 gyres located above major transitional plate; no paraciliary rod; cell coverings, when present, include organic scales, silica scales, organic lorica and cellulose cell wall; chloroplast with girdle lamella; outer chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with ring-type genophore; eyespots present or absent; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a, c1 and c2, fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, anthaxanthin and neoxanthin; plastid may be secondarily lost.

<==Chrysophyceae [Chrysomonadales, Chrysomonadea, Chrysomonadineae, Chrysophycea]AB19
    |  i. s.: Monochrysis hyalina Skuja 1956B79, C-SC06
    |         HydrurusS80
    |           |--‘Rivularia’ confervoides Roth 1797S80
    |           `--H. myosurus [=Palmella myosurus; incl. H. ducluzelii]G64
    |--ChromulinalesC-SC06
    |    |  i. s.: ChrysomonasAS12
    |    |--ChromulinaC-SC06
    |    |    |--*C. nebulosaC-SC06
    |    |    |--C. chromophilaC-SCA95
    |    |    |--C. ovalisSX97
    |    |    `--C. pascheriSX97
    |    `--+--ChrysamoebaC-SC06
    |       |    |--C. mikrokontaC-SC06
    |       |    `--C. pyrenoidiferaC-SC06
    |       `--Oikomonas [Oikomonadea]C-SC06
    |            |--O. echinorumBK77
    |            |--O. mutabilisC-SC06
    |            |--O. socialisSX97
    |            `--O. termoSX97
    `--+--ParaphysomonadaceaeTS25
       `--+--SynuraceaeTS25
          `--+--OchromonadalesTS25
             |--+--Cyclonexis annularisC-SC06
             |  `--+--‘Ochromonas’ tuberculataC-SC06
             |     `--+--Lagynion scherffeliiC-SC06
             |        `--+--Chrysosphaera [Chrysosphaerales]C-SC06
             |           |    `--C. parvulaC-SC06
             |           `--+--ChrysosaccusC-SC06
             |              `--‘Chromulina’ chionophiliaTS25
             `--+--Phaeoplaca thallosaC-SC06
                `--HibberdialesC-SC06
                     |--Chrysocapsa [Chrysocapsineae]C-SC06
                     |    `--C. vernalisC-SC06
                     `--+--Hibberdia Andersen 1989C-SC06, AS12
                        |    `--H. magnaC-SC06
                        `--Chromophyton rosanoffiiC-SC06

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[AB19] Adl, S. M., D. Bass, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov, S. Agatha, C. Berney, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, P. Cárdenas, I. Čepička, L. Chistyakova, J. del Campo, M. Dunthorn, B. Edvardsen, Y. Eglit, L. Guillou, V. Hampl, A. A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, T. Y. James, A. Karnkowska, S. Karpov, E. Kim, M. Kolisko, A. Kudryavtsev, D. J. G. Lahr, E. Lara, L. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. Massana, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. Morrow, J. S. Park, J. W. Pawlowski, M. J. Powell, D. J. Richter, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, S. Shimano, F. W. Spiegel, G. Torruella, N. Youssef, V. Zlatogursky & Q. Zhang. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119.

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B79] Buss, L. W. 1979. Habitat selection, directional growth and spatial refuges: why colonial animals have more hiding places. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 459–497. Academic Press: London.

[C-SC06] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2006. Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista). Journal of Molecular Evolution 62: 388–420.

[C-SCA95] Cavalier-Smith, T., E. E. Chao & M. T. E. P. Allsopp. 1995. Ribosomal RNA evidence for chloroplast loss within Heterokonta: pedinellid relationships and a revised classification of ochristan algae. Archiv für Protistenkunde 145: 209–220.

[S80] Silva, P. C. 1980. Remarks on algal nomenclature VI. Taxon 29 (1): 121–145.

[SX97] Song B. & Xie P. 1997. Preliminary studies on the community structure of the planktonic protozoa from the outlet of Lake Dongting. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 21 (Suppl.): 60–68.

[TS25] Terpis, K. X., E. D. Salomaki, D. Barcytė, T. Pánek, H. Verbruggen, M. Kolisko, J. C. Bailey, M. Eliáš & C. E. Lane. 2025. Multiple plastid losses within photosynthetic stramenopiles revealed by comprehensive phylogenomics. Current Biology 35: 483–499.