Belongs within: Asteraceae.
Contains: Cichorieae, Vernonieae.
The Cichorioideae are a clade of composite-flowered plants supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Panero & Funk 2002). Past authors have used the name to refer to a broader grouping of latex-bearing composites, but phylogenetic analyses have established that such a grouping is paraphyletic with regard to the latex-free Asteroideae.
Major subgroups in the Cichorioideae include the Arctotideae, with mostly radiate and heterogamous flowers though Berkheya has discoid and homogamous flowers. Species of Berkheya are robust perennials with lobed, spiny leaves found in tropical Africa. Most Arctotideae have a pappus of scales and more or less hairy achenes but the pappus is absent and the achenes glabrous in the bear’s ear Cymbonotus lawsonianus of Australia (Black & Robertson 1965). The genus Arctotis is native to southern Africa though the silver arctotis A. venusta has become an invasive in a number of parts of world though cultivation as an ornamental. Arctotheca calendula, capeweed, is another widely invasive species with pinnately lobed, dorsally cobwebby leaves, and flower heads with yellow ray florets and purplish or yellow disk florets (Hickman 1993).
The South American genus Liabum has yellow, radiate and heterogamous flowers, and fruits bearing a pappus of a short external circle and long internal circle of setae (Ulloa & Jørgensen). Gundelia, tumble thistles, is a genus of very spiny perennial herbs found in the Middle East and central Asia.
<==Cichorioideae
|--+--CichorieaePF02
| `--Gundelieae [Gundeliaceae]PF02
| |--GundeliaYY22
| `--AcicarphaC10
|--+--VernonieaePF02
| `--LiabumJ87 [LiabeaePF02]
| |--L. glabrumBT87
| | |--L. g. var. glabrumBT87
| | `--L. g. var. hypoleucumBT87
| |--L. selleanumJ87
| `--L. subacauleJ87
`--Arctotideae [Arctoteae]PF02
|--Cymbonotus lawsonianus [=Arctotis lawsoniana (Gaudichaud) Beauverd 1915]BR65
|--Arctotheca calendula (Linnaeus) Levyns 1950H93, BR65 (see below for synonymy)
|--BerkheyaBR65
| |--B. rigida [=Stobaea rigida]BR65
| `--B. schinziiCV06
`--ArctotisMHB06
|--A. decurrens Jacquin 1797 [incl. A. merxmuelleri Friedrich 1980, A. scullyi Dümmer 1914]MHB06
|--A. frutescensCV06
|--A. stoechadifolia [incl. A. stoechadifolia var. grandis]H93
`--A. venustaMHB06
Arctotheca calendula (Linnaeus) Levyns 1950H93, BR65 [=Arctotis calendula Linnaeus 1753BR65, Cryptostemma calendula (Linnaeus) Druce 1914BR65; incl. Arctotis calendulacea Linnaeus 1768BR65, Cryptostemma calendulaceum (Linnaeus) Brown 1818BR65]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.
[C10] Candolle, A. de. 1810. Observations sur les plantes composées ou syngenèses. Premier mémoire. Sur les composées et les cinarocéphales en général. Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 16: 135–158.
[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.
[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).
[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.
[MHB06] McKenzie, R. J., P. P. J. Herman & N. P. Barker. 2006. Asteraceae. Arctotis decurrens (Arctotideae), the correct name for A. merxmuelleri and A. scullyi. Bothalia 36 (2): 171–173.
[PF02] Panero, J. L., & V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 (4): 909–922.
[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.