Belongs within: Molytinae.
Contains: Cophes, Cryptorhynchina, Gasterocercini, Echinodera, Acalles, Kyklioacalles, Torneumatini, Arachnopodini, Mecistostylina, Trigonopterus, Poropterus.
The Cryptorhynchinae are a group of weevils typically characterised by a well-developed pectoral canal (into which the rostrum may be reposed) and developed unci on the tibiae. The pectoral canal usually ends in a receptacle on the mesosternum (Riedel et al. 2016). The subfamily is most diverse in Australasia and South America but appears largely absent from sub-Saharan Africa (Letsch et al. 2020).
Wingless forms have historically been recognised as the subtribe Tylodina but such a grouping is polyphyletic (Letsch et al. 2020). The Strongylopterina have a straight rostrum, parallel-sided body, and flat mesosternal process on the same level as the metasternum (Morimoto 1978).
Hidden beaks and hidden habits
Published 26 February 2023
Weevils, of course, are spectacularly diverse. And though the process of taxonomic shuffling may mean they are no longer the largest recognised animal family (having been challenged for that spot by the staphylinids), there are still one hell of a lot more weevils than any sane person would care to contemplate. Not surprisingly for such a large assemblage, their subdivision into manageable units has long been a challenge. Subfamilies and tribes have long been fluid with successive authors shifting taxa in and out as they saw fit. Nevertheless, one of the largest subdivisions recognised within the weevils has generally been the subfamily Cryptorhynchinae.
The name of the Cryptorhynchinae means ‘hidden beak’, referring to one of the group’s most characteristic features. A groove on the underside of the thorax between the mid legs allows the rostrum to be held close against the body. When threatened, cryptorhynchines adopt a characteristic posture with the rostrum pulled in and the legs folded ventrally (Letsch et al. 2020). In this pose, they ‘play dead’ until the threat has passed. In most cryptorhynchines, this ventral furrow ends on the mesosternum (the underside of the second thoracic segment) in a cup-like receptacle for the end of the rostrum. Similar ventral furrows have evolved in other weevil lineages but are generally (though not invariably) formed differently, whether ending before or after the mesosternum, or lacking the terminal receptacle (Riedel et al. 2016). Other characteristic features of cryptorhynchines include hook-like protrusions (unci) at the ends of the tibiae, and simple claws.
However, not all cryptorhynchines retain the characteristic ventral furrow (Riedel et al. 2016). Thyestetha is a Papuan genus with a particularly long rostrum that therefore has the mesosternal receptacle open posteriorly. The Psepholacini are a tribe of South American wood borers in which the furrow is lost, presumably because the rostrum has been reduced. The ventral furrow has also disappeared in another Papuan genus, Arachnobas. These long-legged weevils can often be found walking on logs; when disturbed, they drop to the ground with legs and rostrum outstretched rather than tucking them in like other cryptorhynchines. Nevertheless, these taxa can still be identified as cryptorhynchines by their position in molecular phylogenies and/or their similarities to more standard exemplars.
Where known (and there are many that are not), larvae of cryptorhynchines often develop in stressed and dying roots or branches (Astrin & Stüben 2008). Many species seem likely to be restricted to particular hosts. Flightlessness is common. The eyeless weevils of the European genus Torneuma are notable for their subterranean lifestyles. Relatively few cryptorhynchines are economically significant pests. The mango seed weevil Sternochetus mangiferae attacks (duh) mango seeds and causes loss of fruit. Potato weevils of the genera Premnotrypes and Phrydenus can be a problem on Solanaceae such as potatoes, tomatoes and eggplants. The poplar and willow borer Cryptorhynchus lapathi damages timber from trees such as willows or birches. Conversely, many cryptorhynchines, particularly among flightless species, have restricted ranges and may be endangered by human activities.
To date, more than 6000 species of Cryptorhynchinae have been described with every indication of many more to come; the total number of species may exceed 15,000 (Riedel et al. 2016). The clade is most diverse in the Neotropical realm, followed by the Indo-Australian region; it is noticeably less diverse in the Holarctic or Africa. One of the most remarkable cryptorhynchine radiations occurs on the isolated Polynesian island of Rapa (in French Polynesia, not to be confused with Rapa Nui) where the genus Miocalles has radiated into 67 species within the confines of a not particularly large island (Paulay 1985). Phylogenetic studies have found a strong correlation between evolutionary history and biogeography, as might be expected for a lineage of cryptic insects that tend not to move far from their parent tree.
Systematics of Cryptorhynchinae
<==Cryptorhynchinae [Cryptorhynchides, Cryptorhynchini, Psepholacini, Tylodina] |--+--+--SetarhynchusLB20 | | `--+--CophesLB20 | | `--Semnorhynchus cayennensisLB20 | `--+--+--Metoposoma funebrisLB20 | | `--TyrannionLB20 | `--CryptorhynchinaLB20 `--+--+--EucryptorhynchusLB20 | | |--E. chinensisLB20 | | `--E. scrobiculatusM78 | `--+--Acallocrates Reitter 1913LB20, AS08 | | |--A. minutesquamosusAS08 | | `--+--A. colonnellii Bahr 2003AS08 | | `--A. denticollis (Germar 1824)AS08 | `--+--GasterocerciniA02 | `--‘Cryptorhynchus’ albopunctatusLB20 `--+--+--+--EchinoderaLB20 | | `--+--Onyxacalles Stüben 1999AS08 | | | |--+--O. ringeli Kulbe 1999AS08 | | | | `--O. verrucosus (Wollaston 1863)AS08 | | | `--+--+--O. balearicus Stüben 2005AS08 | | | | `--O. valencianus Germann 2005AS08 | | | `--+--*O. luigionii (Solari & Solari 1907)AS08 | | | `--+--O. bermejaensis Stüben 2001AS08 | | | `--+--O. maginaensis Stüben 2004AS08, F05 | | | `--O. portusveneris (Mayet 1903)AS08 | | `--AcallesLB20 | `--+--+--+--+--Montanacalles Astrin & Stüben 2008AS08 | | | | | `--*M. nevadaensis (Stüben 2001) [=Kyklioacalles nevadaensis]AS08 | | | | `--Coloracalles Astrin & Stüben 2008AS08 | | | | `--*C. humerosus (Fairmaire 1862) [=Acalles humerosus]AS08 | | | `--KyklioacallesLB20 | | `--+--‘Acalles’ hustacheiLB20 | | |--TorneumatiniLB20 | | `--Eurhoptus LeConte 1876AS08, A02 [=Eurrhoptus Rye 1878A02] | | |--E. pyriformis LeConte 1876 A02 | | `--E. sordidus (LeConte 1876) A02 | `--+--‘Acalles’ indigensLB20 | `--+--Macromerus Schönh. 1826LB20, FS90 | | |--M. bicinctus Champion 1905B14 | | |--M. lanipes Ol. 1790 [incl. M. chimaridis, M. chimaris, M. longimanus]FS90 | | `--M. lherminieri Boh. 1837FS90 | `--Hemiliopsis irregularisLB20 `--+--ArachnopodiniLB20 `--+--MecistostylinaLB20 `--+--+--Doetes Pascoe 1871LB20, M78 | `--+--Neomystocis squamiventrisLB20 | `--Pteroporopterus lacunosusLB20 `--+--+--+--+--DermothriusLB20 | | | | |--D. brevipennisED04 | | | | `--D. farinosusLB20 | | | `--+--Paromalia setigerLB20 | | | `--Miocalles Pascoe 1883LB20, M78 | | | `--M. notatusM78 | | `--+--+--Zeacalles incultusLB20 | | | `--CrisiusE02 | | | | i. s.: C. longulusWH02 | | | | C. ornatusWH02 | | | | C. posticalisWH02 | | | |--C. fasciculatusLB20 | | | `--+--C. ventralis (Broun 1885)LB20, E02 | | | `--TrinodicallesLB20 | | `--+--+--Agacalles formosusLB20 | | | `--CrooktacallesLB20 | | | |--C. abruptusLB20 | | | `--C. certusLB20 | | `--+--Synacalles dorsalisLB20 | | `--ScelodolichusLB20 | | |--S. altulusLB20 | | `--S. lineithoraxLB20 | `--+--+--Gymnoporopterus pictipesLB20 | | `--+--Panopides anticusLB20 | | `--AsytestaLB20 | | |--A. albifronsLB20 | | `--A. rataLB20 | `--+--TrigonopterusLB20 | `--+--Acallophilus Faust 1892LB20, M78 | `--+--+--Trichacalles Voss 1960LB20, A02 | | | `--T. longipilisLB20 | | `--SimulacallesLB20 | `--PoropteropisLB20 | |--P. papillosusLB20 | `--+--P. biconiferLB20 | `--Pseudoporopterus Lea 1898LB20, M78 | |--P. cruciatus (Fabricius 1775) [=Curculio cruciatus]Z93 | `--P. simulatorM62 `--+--+--+--+--Acrotychreus Lea 1909LB20, L09 | | | | `--*A. fasciculatus (Lea 1895) [=Tychreus fasciculatus]L09 | | | `--+--+--BaeodontocisLB20 | | | | `--‘Poropterus’ idolusLB20 | | | `--+--‘Poropterus’ sphacelatus Pascoe 1871LB20, Mas86 | | | `--Mormosintes Pascoe 1865LB20, M62 | | | |--M. nodosusLB20 | | | `--M. rubusMas86 | | `--+--+--PoropterusLB20 | | | `--+--Tapinosomus humeralisLB20 | | | `--‘Poropterus’ variabilisLB20 | | `--+--+--StrongylopterinaM78 | | | | |--PolyzelusM78 | | | | |--Therebus cepuroidesM78 | | | | |--OredaLB20 | | | | |--Osseteris scutellarisM78 | | | | |--ParempleurusM78 | | | | |--AgasterocercusM78 | | | | `--StrongylopterusM78 | | | | |--S. hylobioidesWH02 | | | | `--S. ovatusM78 | | | `--Psepholax White in Dieffenbach 1843LB20, M94 | | | |--*P. sulcatus White in Dieffenbach 1843M94 | | | |--P. barbifronsG27 | | | |--P. coronatusG27 | | | |--P. egereus Pascoe 1872Mas86 | | | |--P. latirostris Pascoe 1873Mas86 | | | `--P. mastersi Pascoe 1873Mas86 | | `--+--CyamobolusLB20 | | | |--C. dehaaniM78 | | | `--C. subsellatusLB20 | | `--+--Autilia horridipesLB20 | | `--Nechyrus Pascoe 1871LB20, M78 | | | i. s.: N. incomptus Pascoe 1872Mas86 | | |--N. puncticollisLB20 | | `--+--N. laticollisLB20 | | `--N. porcatusLB20 | `--+--+--+--Decilaus squamosus Pascoe 1870LB20, Mas86 | | | `--PoropteroidesLB20 | | `--CairnsicisLB20 | `--GenuacallesLB20 `--+--+--Ampagia erinacea Pascoe 1870LB20, Mas86 | `--+--+--PaletonidistusLB20 | | `--Methidrysis afflicta Pascoe 1870LB20, Mas86 | `--+--+--Hypsophorus dromidariusLB20 | | `--Dysopirhinus grandisLB20 | `--TyrtaeosusLB20 | |--T. bicolor Pascoe 1885Mas86 | |--T. concretus Pascoe 1885Mas86 | |--T. incallidus Pascoe 1870Mas86 | |--T. lateralis Pascoe 1870Mas86 | |--T. microthorax Pascoe 1870Mas86 | |--T. pardalis Pascoe 1885Mas86 | |--T. ustulatus Pascoe 1870Mas86 | `--T. vetustus Pascoe 1870Mas86 `--+--+--HexymusLB20 | | |--H. monachus Pascoe 1872Mas86 | | `--H. tuberosus Pascoe 1871Mas86 | `--+--Enteles Schoenherr 1837LB20, M94 | | |--*E. vigorsii Gyllenhal in Schoenherr 1837M94 | | `--E. ocellatusMas86 | `--PaleticusLB20 | |--P. confinis Pascoe 1870Mas86 | |--P. frontalis Pascoe 1870Mas86 | |--P. invidus Pascoe 1870Mas86 | |--P. laticollis Pascoe 1870Mas86 | |--P. pedestris Pascoe 1870Mas86 | `--P. subereusLB91 `--+--+--+--EuthyrhinusLB20 | | | |--E. dorsalis Macleay 1886Mac86 | | | |--E. irroratus Macleay 1886Mac86 | | | |--E. meditabundus (Fabricius 1775)Z93 (see below for synonymy) | | | |--E. navicularis Pascoe 1869Mas86 | | | `--E. spinipennis (Waterh. 1853)L09, Mas86 [=Chaetectetorus spinipennisL09] | | `--Nyphaeba mimicaLB20 | `--+--Alatidotasia exclamationis (Fabricius 1775)LB20, Z93 [=Curculio exclamationisZ93] | `--+--‘Euthyrhinus’ glabrousLB20 | `--+--OdosyllisLB20 | | |--O. congestaM78 | | `--O. crucigera Pascoe 1885Mas86 | `--LophocheirusLB20 | |--L. majorLB20 | `--+--L. fuscotriangularisLB20 | `--SemiatheLB20 | |--S. linneiLB20 | `--S. puncticollisLB20 `--+--+--+--Ephrycus Pascoe 1870LB20, L09 | | | |--E. brachystylus Lea 1909L09 | | | |--E. erythraeus Lea 1909L09 | | | |--E. obliquus Pascoe 1870Mas86 | | | `--E. parvus Lea 1908L09 | | `--+--+--Sympiezoscelus spenceiLB20, MW15 | | | `--Mitrastethus Redtenbacher 1868LB20, M94 | | | |--*M. baridioides Redtenbacher 1868M94 | | | `--M. australiae Lea 1908M94 | | `--+--Platytenes variusLB20 | | `--RoptoperusLB20 | `--+--+--NototrigonopterusLB20 | | `--ClypeolusLB20 | | |--C. cineraceusWH02 | | |--C. ingensLB20 | | `--C. robustusLB20 | `--+--XychusaLB20 | `--+--Idopelma unicolorLB20 | `--Neodecilaus picusLB20 `--+--+--+--‘Tyrtaeosus’ coelosternoidesLB20 | | `--Critomerus iliacusLB20 | `--+--Perissops Pascoe 1871LB20, M94 | | |--*P. mucidus Pascoe 1871M94 | | |--P. apicalisLB20 | | |--P. ochreonotatusLB20 | | `--P. variegatus Lea 1903M94 | `--Pantiala illusaLB20 `--+--+--AthyreocisLB20 | `--Ouroporopterus squamiventrisLB20 `--TychreusLB20 |--T. camelus Pascoe 1873Mas86 `--T. sellatus Pascoe 1873Mas86 Cryptorhynchinae incertae sedis: Anchithyrus Pascoe 1885M78 Aphanerostethus Voss 1957M78 Berosiris Pascoe 1873M78 `--B. calidris Pascoe 1885Mas86 Coelosternopsis Voss 1940M78 Cryptallorhynchus Voss 1957M78 Cydostethus Pascoe 1874M78 Cylindrocorynites Heller 1925M78 Diphilus Pascoe 1885M78 Dyspeithes Kirsch 1878M78 Lepidarcus Marshall 1948M78 Lochochirodes Heller 1938M78 Lochochirus Marshall 1915M78 Pasurius Fairmaire 1889M78 `--*P. dorsatus Fairmaire 1889F89 Perichius Pascoe 1871M78 Serrotelum Heller 1938M78 TentegiaLB91 |--T. favosa Pascoe 1873Mas86 `--T. stupida (Fabricius 1775) [=Curculio stupidus]Z93 Axionicus insignis Pascoe 1869LB91, Mas86 ChaetectetorusL09 |--C. bifasciatus [=Gasterocercus bifasciatus]L09 |--C. clitellae Pascoe 1870Mas86 |--C. egenus Lea 1909L09 |--C. gronopoides Pascoe 1885Mas86 |--C. haedulus Pascoe 1870Mas86 |--C. latus Pascoe 1870Mas86 `--C. setosus [=Gasterocercus setosus]L09 Tituacia Pascoe 1870L09 `--T. ostracion Pascoe 1870Mas86 Phloeoglymma Pascoe 1870 [incl. Axides Pascoe 1873]L09 |--*P. alternans Pascoe 1870M94 |--P. dorsale (Pascoe 1873) [=Axides dorsalis]M94 `--P. mixta Lea 1908L09 Chimades Pascoe 1870L09 `--C. lanosus Pascoe 1870Mas86 Metyrculus Lea 1909L09 `--*M. bimaculatus Lea 1909L09 MeniomorphaL09 AchoperaL09 |--A. lachrymosa Pascoe 1870Mas86 |--A. maculosa Pascoe 1870Mas86 `--A. uniformis Pascoe 1870Mas86 Metacymia Pascoe 1870L09 `--M. marmorea Pascoe 1870Mas86 Menios internatus Pascoe 1870L09, Mas86 Ephrycinus Lea 1909L09 `--*E. pilistriatus Lea 1909L09 Achoperinus Lea 1909L09 `--*A. infulatus (Erichs. 1842)L09, Mas86 [=Cryptorhynchus infulatusL09] OrphanistesMas86 |--O. eustictus Pascoe 1869Mas86 `--O. grandis Macleay 1886Mac86 Cyllorrhamphus tuberosus Erichs. 1842Mas86 Brysia cerata Pascoe 1883Mas86 Psydestis affluens Pascoe 1874Mas86 Zeneudes sterculiae Pascoe 1873Mas86 Metyrus collaris Pascoe 1872Mas86 Scolyphrus obesus Pascoe 1874Mas86 ImaliodesMas86 |--I. nodulosus Pascoe 1872Mas86 |--I. scrofa Pascoe 1874Mas86 |--I. subfasciatus Pascoe 1870Mas86 `--I. terreus Pascoe 1870Mas86 Eleagna squamibunda Pascoe 1870Mas86 Euoropis castanea Pascoe 1874Mas86 Embaphiodes pyxidatus Pascoe 1874Mas86 Imalithus patella Pascoe 1869Mas86 OnidistusMas86 |--O. araneus Pascoe 1870Mas86 |--O. nodipennis Pascoe 1870Mas86 `--O. odiosus Pascoe 1870Mas86 PetosirisMas86 |--P. annulipes Pascoe 1874Mas86 |--P. cordipennis Pascoe 1872Mas86 `--P. subereus Pascoe 1870Mas86 Niconotus tarphioides Pascoe 1870Mas86 Acacallis personata Pascoe 1883Mas86 Agriochaeta crinita Pascoe 1872Mas86 Plagyocorynus quadrituberculatusMas86 Glochinorrhinus doubledayiMas86 Osaces naso Pascoe 1883Mas86 Aethreus cicatricosus Pascoe 1875Mas86 Anilaus sordidus Pascoe 1870Mas86 Exithius capucinus Pascoe 1870Mas86 DrassicusMas86 |--D. illotus Pascoe 1872Mas86 |--D. infaustus Pascoe 1874Mas86 `--D. nigricornis Pascoe 1872Mas86 Agenopus agricola Pascoe 1872Mas86 Coptomerus nigrinasus Chev. 1881Mas86 OmydausMas86 |--O. luridus (Fabricius 1775) [=Curculio luridus]Z93 `--O. plinthoides Pascoe 1871Mas86 Oemethylus lumbaris Pascoe 1870Mas86 Isax gallinagoMas86 Myrtesis caligataMas86 Pezichus binotatusMas86 Amydala abdominalis Pascoe 1871Mas86 Bepharus ellipticus Pascoe 1870Mas86 DerbyiellaZ93 Tepperia Lea 1903M94 `--*T. sterculiae Lea 1903M94 PanolcusML05 Coelosternulum Heller 1937M62 Eurysia fulvicornisM78 Hyotanzo Morimoto 1962M78, M62 `--*H. uenoi Morimoto 1962M62 Gerstaeckeria Champion 1905 [incl. Opuntiaphila Pierce 1912, Philopuntia Pierce 1912]A02 Microcryptorhynchus Lea 1908M78 `--M. pygmaeusM78 Simulatacalles Morimoto 1978M78 `--*S. simulator (Roelofs 1875) [=Acalles simulator]M78 Calles Kissinger 1964A02 `--C. cladotrichis (Pierce 1912)A02 Canistes Casey 1892A02 `--C. schusteri Casey 1892A02 Lembodes Schoenherr 1844A02 `--L. solitarius Boheman 1844A02 Pseudoacalles Blatchley 1916A02 `--P. nuchalis (LeConte 1876)A02 Pseudomopsis Champion 1905A02 `--P. inflata (LeConte 1876)A02 Faustinus Berg 1898 [incl. Euxenus Faust 1896 non LeConte 1876]A02 |--F. apicalisD96 `--F. cubae (Boheman 1844)A02 Paracamptus Casey 1895A02 |--P. floridanus Sleeper 1954A02 `--P. subtropicus Casey 1895A02 Peracalles Kissinger 1964A02 |--P. pectoralis (Leconte 1876)A02 `--P. ventrosus (LeConte 1878)A02 Pseudomus Schoenherr 1837A02 |--P. sedentarius (Say 1831)A02 |--P. semicribratus Boh. 1844FS90 `--P. truncatus LeConte 1876A02 Tylodes Schönh. 1826 [incl. Neotylodes]FS90 |--T. armadilloM78 |--T. neglectus Chv. 1880FS90 |--T. obesus Dejean in Boisduval 1835B35 `--T. subfasciatus Rosensch. 1837 [incl. T. dentipes Chv. 1880]FS90 IdotasiaM78 |--I. aequalis Pascoe 1872Mas86 |--I. ampliata Pascoe 1885Mac86 |--I. evanida Pascoe 1872Mas86 `--I. nasutaM78 Euscepes Schoenherr 1844 [incl. Batatarhynchus Hustache 1933, Hyperomorpha Blackburn 1885]A02 |--*E. porcellus Boheman 1844M94, A02 |--E. hirsutus Chv. 1880FS90 |--E. interstitialis (Chv. 1880) [=Cryptorhynchus interstitialis]FS90 |--E. orthodoxus (Chv. 1880) [=Cryptorhynchus orthodoxus]FS90 |--E. pilosellus Chv. 1879FS90 |--E. postfasciatus (Fairmaire 1849) [=Cryptorhynchus postfasciatus]M94 |--E. tonsus Chv. 1880FS90 `--E. ursus (Chv. 1880) [=Tylodes ursus]FS90 AcallorneumaAS08 |--*A. reiteriAS08 `--A. doderoi Solari & Solari 1908AS08 Tylodinus Champion 1905AS08 0--+--Elliptacalles Astrin & Stüben 2008AS08 | | `--*E. longus (Desbrochers 1892) [=Acalles longus]AS08 | `--Calacalles Peyerimhoff 1925AS08 | |--C. (Calacalles)AS08 | | |--*C. (C.) theryiAS08 | | `--C. (C.) seticollis (Wollaston 1864)AS08 | `--C. (Crateracalles Stüben 2004)F05 | |--C. (*C.) droueti (Crotch 1867) [=Acalles droueti]F05 | `--C. (C.) azoricus Stüben 2004F05 `--+--Dichromacalles Stüben 1998 [incl. Balcanacalles Stüben & Behne 1998]AS08 | |--+--*D. diocletianus (Germar 1817)AS08 | | `--D. dromedarius (Boheman 1844)AS08 | `--+--D. tuberculatus (Rosenhauer 1856)AS08 | `--+--D. creticus (Reitter 1916) [=D. (Balcanacalles) creticus]AS08 | `--D. rolletii (Germar 1824) [=D. (Balcanacalles) rolletii]AS08 `--Dendroacalles Stüben 2005 [incl. Euphorbioacalles Stüben 2005]AS08 | i. s.: *D. ornatusAS08 |--+--D. euphorbiacus Stüben 2000) [=D. (Euphorbioacalles) euphorbiacus]AS08 | `--+--D. poneli (Stüben 2000) [=D. (Euphorbioacalles) poneli]AS08 | `--D. ruteri (Roudier 1954)AS08 `--+--D. mundus (Wollaston 1964)AS08 `--+--D. instabilis (Wollaston 1864)AS08 `--D. lepidus (Kulbe 2000)AS08
Euthyrhinus meditabundus (Fabricius 1775)Z93 [=Curculio meditabundusZ93; incl. E. monachusMas86]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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