Belongs within: Cypraeoidea.
Contains: Erosariini, Zoila, Cypraeinae, Luriinae, Pustulariinae.
The Cypraeidae, cowries, are a cosmopolitan group of marine gastropods characterised by highly polished, involute shells with the aperture running almost the full length of the shell and borded in adults by raised transverse ridges or teeth. In life, the bilobed mantle extends on both sides of the animal to cover the shell (Wilson & Gillett 1971).
In members of the subfamily Erosariinae, the shell bears a narrow fossula but the inner denticles are mostly coarse.
<==Cypraeidae [Cypraeacea, Cypraeadae]
|--Erosariinae [Staphylaeinae]M03
| | i. s.: Naria Gray 1837 [Nariinae, Nariini]BR05
| | `--*N. irrorata (Gray 1837) [=Cypraea irrorata]BR17
| |--Ipsa childreni Gray 1825M03
| `--ErosariiniM03
`--Gisortiinae [Bernayinae, Gisortiidae]BR05
| i. s.: Gisortia Jousseaume 1884 [Gisortiini]BR05
| `--*G. gisortiana (Passy 1859) [=Ovula gisortiana]BR17
| Archicypraea Schilder 1926 [Archicypraeinae, Archicypraeini]BR05
| `--*A. lioyi (Bayan 1870) [=Cypraea lioyi]BR17
| BarycypraeaM03
| |--B. fultoniM03
| `--B. teulereiM03
| Bernaya Jousseaume 1884 [Bernayini]BR05
| |--*B. media (Deshayes 1835) [=Cypraea media]BR17
| |--B. deperetiK96
| |--B. tithonica (Di-Stefano 1882) [=Cypraea tithonica]K96
| `--B. yunshanensis Yu & Zhu 1983YZ83
| ProtocypraeaBD12
| |--P. gemmelaroi (Di-Stefano 1882)K96 [=Cypraea gemmelaroiK96, Bernaya (Protocypraea) gemmellaroiYZ83]
| `--P. mississippiensis (Groves 1990) [=Bernaya (Protocypraea) mississippiensis]BD12
| Cypraeorbis Conrad 1865 [Cypraeorbinae, Cypraeorbini]BR05
| `--*C. sphaeroides (Conrad 1848) [=Cypraea sphaeroides]BR17
| Mandolina Bayle in Jousseaume 1884 [Mandolininae, Mandolinini]BR05
| `--‘Cypraea’ polysarca Cossmann 1903 [=C. gibbosa Borson 1820 non Schroeter 1804, *Mandolina gibbosa]BR17
|--+--ZoilaM03
| `--+--CypraeinaeM03
| `--+--LuriinaeM03
| `--PustulariinaeM03
`--Umbilia Jousseaume 1884M03, BR05 (see below for synonymy)
| i. s.: ‘*Palliocypraea’ gastroplaxW93
| ‘*Rhynhocypraea’ leptorhynchaW93
|--U. armeniaca Verco 1912M03 (see below for synonymy)
`--+--U. hesitata Iredale 1916M03 (see below for synonymy)
| |--U. h. hesitataM03
| |--U. h. beddomi (Schilder 1930)M03, WG71 [=Cypraea hesitata beddomiWG71]
| `--U. h. howelli (Iredale 1931)M03, WG71 [=Cypraea hesitata howelliWG71]
`--U. capricornica Lorenz 1989M03 [=Cypraea capricornicaW93]
Cypraeidae incertae sedis:
Schilderia Tomlin 1930W93
|--*S. utriculata (Lamarck 1810)W93, L10 [=Cypraea utriculataW93]
|--S. achatideaM03
|--S hirasei (Roberts 1913) [=Cypraea hirasei; incl. C. queenslandica Schilder 1966]W93
|--S. langfordi (Kuroda 1938)W93 [=Cypraea langfordiW93; incl. C. langfordi moretonensis Schilder 1965WG71, W93]
`--S. sakuraii Habe 1970K96
Propustularia surinamensis (Perry 1811)M03, EO65 (see below for synonymy)
Conocypraea Oppenheim 1901 [Conocypraeini]BR05
`--*C. persona (Oppenheim 1901) [=Cypraea persona]BR17
Ravitrona Iredale 1930W93
|--*R. caputserpentis (Linné 1758)W93, S11 (see below for synonymy)
|--R. helvolaSP72
`--R. porariaSP72
Vicetia ogormani Cossmann 1923K96
Jousseaumea [incl. Fossacypraea Schilder 1939]K96
ProzonarinaK96
Siphocypraea problematica Heilprin 1886K96, HP04
ZonarinaK96
PalaeocypraeaK96
| i. s.: P. tithonica Stefano 1882TTE93
`--P. (Pustulariopsis Schilder 1941)K96
ProadustaK96
‘Janthina’ cimbrica Sorgenfrei 1958TTE93
Gigantocypraea Schilder 1927W93
`--*G. gigas (McCoy 1867)W93
Propustularia surinamensis (Perry 1811)M03, EO65 [=Cypraea surinamensisEO66; incl. C. bicallosa Gray 1831EO65, C. ingloria Crosse 1878EO65]
*Ravitrona caputserpentis (Linné 1758)W93, S11 [=Cypraea caputserpentisW93, C. (Aricia) caputserpentisG79, C. (Erosaria) caputserpentisW93; incl. C. (Aricia) caputanguis Philippi 1849G79, W93, C. kenyonae Schilder & Schilder 1938W93]
Umbilia Jousseaume 1884M03, BR05 [incl. PalliocypraeaW93, Rhynhocypraea Cossmann 1898W93; Umbiliidae, Umbiliinae, Umbiliini]
Umbilia armeniaca Verco 1912M03 [=Cypraea (Umbilia) armeniacaWG71, C. hesitata armeniacaD77; incl. C. major Raybaudi 1992 (n. n.)W93, C. maxima Raybaudi 1992 (n. n.) non C. friendii f. maxima Raybaudi 1992W93, C. minima Raybaudi 1992 (n. n.)W93, C. saturata Raybaudi 1992 (n. n.)W93, C. armeniaca var. southstralica Raybaudi 1980 (nom. inv.)W93, C. armeniaca var. westralica Raybaudi 1980 (nom. inv.)W93]
Umbilia hesitata Iredale 1916M03 [=Cypraea (Umbilia) hesitataWG71; incl. C. alba Cox 1879W93, C. hesitata f. nordica Raybaudi 1979W93, C. umbilicata Sowerby 1825W93, *Umbilia umbilicataW93]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BD12] Bandel, K., & D. T. Dockery III. 2012. Protoconch characters of Late Cretaceous Latrogastropoda (Neogastropoda and Neomesogastropoda) as an aid in the reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Neogastropoda. Freiberger Forschungshefte C542 (psf 20): 93–128.
[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.
[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.
[D77] Donohue, J. 1977. Cypraea: a list of the species. III. Veliger 20 (2): 159–162.
[EO65] Emerson, W. K., & W. E. Old Jr. 1965. New records for Cypraea surinamensis. Nautilus 79 (1): 26–30.
[EO66] Emerson, W. K., & W. E. Old Jr. 1966. Cypraea (Propustularia) surinamensis Perry from Brazil. Nautilus 80 (2): 70–71.
[G79] Garrett, A. 1879. Annotated catalogue of the species of Cypraeidae collected in the S. Sea islands. Journal of Conchology 2: 105–128.
[HP04] Herbert, G. S., & R. W. Portell. 2004. First paleontological record of larval brooding in the calyptraeid gastropod genus Crepidula Lamarck, 1799. Journal of Paleontology 78 (2): 424–429.
[K96] Kay, E. A. 1996. Evolutionary radiations in the Cypraeidae. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 211–220. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
[L10] Lamarck, J.-B. P. A. de M. de. 1810. Suite du genre porcelaine. Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 16: 89–114.
[M03] Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401–459.
[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.
[SP72] Smythe, K. R., & W. W. A. Phillips. 1972. Some observations on the fauna of the Maldive Islands (Indian Ocean) part VIII. Marine shells. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (2): 290–296.
[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.
[W93] Wilson, B. 1993. Australian Marine Shells vol. 1. Prosobranch Gastropods. Part One. Odyssey Publishing: Kallaroo (Western Australia).
[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.
[YZ83] Yu W. & Zhu X.-G. 1983. Some Late Mesozoic gastropods from eastern Heilongjiang. In: Fossils from the Middle-Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous in Eastern Heilongjiang Province, China pp. 87–99. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Publishing House.