Belongs within: Cytherocopina.
Contains: Cobanocythere, Loxoconchinae, Cytherinae, Schizocytherinae.
The Cytheroidea are a primarily marine group of ostracods that are first known from the Middle Ordovician (Benson et al. 1961). Many cytheroids are highly ornamented. Freshwater cytheroids are known from the families Kliellidae, Leptocytheridae and Loxoconchidae. The Loxoconchidae, also including shallow marine species, have a reniform to rectangularly ovate carapace with a tendency to develop a posterior caudal process in some genera (Benson et al. 1961).
Members of the marine and brackish-water family Cytheruridae are small in size with a carapace bearing a mostly well ornamented surface, caudal processes and a flattened venter (Benson et al. 1961). The Cytheridae have a smooth or reticulate carapace with large, widely spaced, usually sieve-like normal pore canals and fairly broad marginal areas (Benson et al. 1961). Species of the genus Microcythere are small with a thin, fragile carapace with wide marginal areas at both ends forming large vestibules (Benson et al. 1961).
Characters (from Benson et al. 1961): Three similar pairs of legs adapted for locomotion; antennules generally subpediform; exopodite of antennae developed as long, curved, rodlike flagellum containing ducts of glands lying on each side of body. Adductor muscle scars detectable on most carapaces, usually arranged in nearly vertical row of four elements, with one or two antennal scars and usually three mandibular scars in front. Usually a compound hinge characteristically divided into three or four elements, any or all of which may be dentate (hinge teeth absent in some species).
Cytheroidea [Cytheracea]
|--Sinusuella Spizharsky 1939 [Sinusuellidae, Sinusuellinae]BB61
| `--*S. ignota Spizharsky 1939BB61
|--Arcacythere Hornibrook 1952BB61 [RockalliidaeWSB93]
| |--*A. chapmani Hornibrook 1952BB61
| `--A. eocenica (Whatley et al. 1982)WSB93
|--Psammocythere Klie 1936DH86 [incl. Bonaducecythere McKenzie 1977G83; PsammocytheridaeMD01, Psammocytherinae]
| |--*P. remanei Klie 1936BB61
| |--P. hartmanni (McKenzie 1977) [=*Bonaducecythere hartmanni]G83
| `--P. santacruzensis Gottwald 1983G83
|--Cobanocytherinae [Cobanocytheridae]DH86
| |--CobanocythereDH86
| `--Paracobanocythere Gottwald 1983DH86
| `--*P. hawaiiensis Gottwald 1983G83
|--Kliellidae [Kliellinae]MD01
| |--Kliella Schäfer 1945DH86
| | `--*K. hyaloderma Schäfer 1945BB61
| `--Nanokliella Schäfer 1945DH86
| `--*N. dictyoconcha Schäfer 1945BB61
|--AcronotellidaeBB61
| |--Acronotella Ulrich & Bassler 1923 [=Acrotonella (l. c.)]BB61
| | `--*A. shideleri Ulrich & Bassler 1923BB61
| `--Eoconchoecia Moberg 1895BB61
| `--*E. mucronata Moberg 1895BB61
|--Cytherissinellidae [Cytherissinellinae]BB61
| |--Cytherissinella Schneider 1956BB61
| | `--*C. okrajantzi Schneider 1956BB61
| |--Lutkevichinella Schneider 1956BB61
| | `--*L. bruttanae Schneider 1956BB61
| `--Triassinella Schneider 1956M61, BB61
| `--*T. chramovi Schneider 1956BB61
|--Pectocytheridae [Pectocytherinae]MD01
| |--Praemunseyella ornata Bate 1972WSB93
| |--Pectocythere Hanai 1957BB61
| | `--*P. quadrangulata Hanai 1957BB61
| |--Dolocythere Mertens 1956BB61
| | `--*D. rara Mertens 1956BB61
| `--Munseyella van den Bold 1957 [=Toulminia Munsey 1953 non Zittel 1878]BB61
| `--*M. hyalokystis (Munsey 1953) [=*Toulminia hyalokystis]BB61
|--Parvocythere Hartmann 1959 [Parvocytheridae, Parvocytherinae]DH86
| | i. s.: P. striata Hartmann 1974DH86
| |--+--P. elongata Hartmann 1959G83
| | |--P. fernandinensis Gottwald 1983G83
| | `--P. marginatocostata Hartmann 1974G83
| `--+--*P. dentata Hartmann 1959G83
| |--P. dimorpha Hartmann 1974G83
| |--P. directocostata Hartmann 1974G83
| |--P. galapagoensis Gottwald 1983G83
| |--P. hartmanni Marinov 1962G83
| |--P. psammophila Gottwald 1983G83
| |--P. schmidti Gottwald 1983G83
| |--P. subterranea Gottwald 1983G83
| `--P. supralitoralis Gottwald 1983G83
|--Neocytherideidae [Cytherideidinae, Cytherideisinae, Neocytherideidinae]MD01
| |--Aparchitocythere Swain & Peterson 1952BB61
| | `--*A. typica Swain & Peterson 1952BB61
| |--Aulocytheridea Howe 1951BB61
| | `--*A. margodentata Howe 1951BB61
| |--Copytus Skogsberg 1939BB61 [=Copitus (l. c.)M61]
| | `--*C. caligula Skogsberg 1939BB61
| |--Cytherissa Sars 1925 [incl. Alexandrella Schweyer 1939 nec Chevreux 1911 nec Tonnoir 1926]BB61
| | `--*C. lacustris (Sars 1863) [=Cythere lacustris]BB61
| |--Hulingsina Puri 1958BB61
| | `--*H. tuberculata Puri 1958BB61
| |--Paracyprideis Klie 1929BB61
| | |--*P. fennica (Hirschmann 1909) [=Cytheridea fennica]BB61
| | `--P. rarefistulosaBB61
| `--Neocytherideis Puri 1952 [incl. Sahnia Puri 1952]BB61
| |--N. subulataBB61
| | |--N. s. subulataBB61
| | `--N. s. fasciata (Brady & Robertson 1874) (see below for synonymy)BB61
| `--N. linearisBB61
|--Leptocytheridae [Leptocytherinae]Y03
| |--CluthiaNT02
| |--Palusleptocythere Nakao & Tsukagoshi 2002NT02
| | `--*P. migrans Nakao & Tsukagoshi 2002NT02
| |--Mesocythere Hartmann 1956BB61
| | |--*M. foveata Hartmann 1956BB61
| | `--M. elongata Hartmann 1956H59
| |--Tanella Kingma 1948BB61
| | `--*T. gracilis Kingma 1948BB61
| |--Leptocythere Sars 1925 [=Leptocythera (l. c.)]BB61
| | |--*L. pellucida (Baird 1850)NT02 [=Cythere pellucidaBB61]
| | `--L. lacertosa (Hirschmann 1912)Y03
| |--Callistocythere Ruggieri 1953NT02 [=Cryptocythere Mandelstam 1958BB61]
| | |--*C. littoralis (Müller 1894) [=Cythere littoralis, *Cryptocythere littoralis]BB61
| | |--C. kaiata (Hornibrook 1952)WSB93
| | `--C. pumila Hanai 1957 [incl. C. laevis Okubo 1979]NT02
| `--Ishizakiella McKenzie & Sudijono 1981Y03
| |--*I. foveoreticulata McKenzie & Sudijono 1981Y03
| |--I. miurensis (Hanai 1957)Y03 (see below for synonymy)
| |--I. novaezealandica (Hartmann 1982) [=Tanella novaezealandica]Y03
| |--I. ryukyuensis Tsukagoshi 1994Y03
| `--‘Tanella’ supralittoralis Schornikov 1974Y03
|--LoxoconchidaeNT02
| | i. s.: Tuberoloxoconcha Hartmann 1973DH86
| | `--T. tuberosa Hartmann 1954DH86
| | Loxocorniculum Benson & Coleman 1963S-VC91
| | `--L. sculptoides Swain 1967S-VC91
| | Elofsonia Wagner 1957BB61
| | `--*E. baltica (Hirschmann 1909) [=Loxoconcha baltica]BB61
| | Hirschmannia Elofson 1941BB61
| | `--*H. viridis (Müller 1785) [=Cythere viridis]BB61
| | Phlyctocythere Keij 1958BB61
| | `--*P. eocaenica Keij 1958BB61
| |--LoxoconchinaeNT02
| |--Pseudolimnocythere Klie 1938 [Pseudolimnocytherinae]DH86
| | |--*P. hypogea Klie 1938BB61, DH86
| | `--P. hartmanni Danielopol 1979DH86
| `--SpeluncellinaeM61
| |--Speluncella Schneider 1956BB61
| | `--*S. spinosa Schneider 1956BB61
| |--Pulviella Schneider in Mandelstam et al. 1957M61, BB61
| | `--*P. ovalis Schneider in Mandelstam et al. 1957BB61
| `--Gemmanella Schneider 1956WSB93, BB61
| |--*G. schweyeri Schneider 1956BB61
| `--G. gracilis (Bütler & Gründel 1963)WSB93
|--Microcythere Müller 1894DH86 [MicrocytheridaeMD01, Microcytherinae]
| |--*M. inflexa Müller 1894BB61
| |--M. bahusiensis Elofson 1944DH86
| |--M. dentata Müller 1894DH86
| |--M. depressa Müller 1894DH86
| |--M. frigida Müller 1908DH86
| |--M. gibba Müller 1894DH86
| |--M. gottwaldi Hartmann 1978DH86
| |--M. helgolandica Klie 1936DH86
| |--M. hians Müller 1894DH86
| |--M. levis Müller 1894DH86
| |--M. minuta Klie 1936DH86
| |--M. monstruosa Elofson 1944DH86
| |--M. moresiana Stephenson 1935WSB93
| |--M. nana Müller 1894DH86
| |--M. navicula (Norman 1869)DH86
| |--M. obliqua Müller 1894DH86
| |--M. parallela Reys 1961DH86
| |--M. parva Klie 1936DH86
| |--M. producta Elofson 1944DH86
| |--M. rara Müller 1894DH86
| |--M. schuettei Hartmann 1957DH86
| `--M. varnensis Marinov 1962DH86
|--CytheridaeNT02
| | i. s.: Spinileberis Hanai 1961NT02
| | |--S. furuyaensis Ishizaki & Kato 1976NT02
| | |--S. pulchra Chen in Hou et al. 1982NT02
| | `--S. quadriaculeata (Brady 1880) [=Cythere quadriaculeata]NT02
| | Nannocythere Schäfer 1953DH86
| | `--*N. remanei Schäfer 1953BB61
| | Cnestocythere Triebel 1950BB61
| | `--*C. lamellicosta Triebel 1950BB61
| | Loxocythere Hornibrook 1952 [incl. Tetracytherura Ruggieri 1952]BB61
| | `--*L. crassa Hornibrook 1952BB61
| | Onychocythere Tressler 1939BB61
| | `--*O. alosa Tressler 1939BB61
| | Sarsocythere Tressler & Smith 1948BB61
| | `--*S. patuxiensis Tressler & Smith 1948BB61
| | Gesoriacula Oertli 1959LH61
| | `--*G. plana Oertli 1959LH61
| | Microcytherura Müller 1894 [Microcytherurini]DH86
| | |--*M. nigrescens Müller 1894BB61
| | |--M. angulosa (Seguenza 1880)DH86
| | |--M. cedunaensis Hartmann 1980DH86
| | |--M. fulva (Brady & Robertson 1874)DH86
| | `--M. reticulata Hartmann 1974DH86
| | Saida Hornibrook 1952WSB93, BB61
| | |--*S. truncata Hornibrook 1952BB61
| | `--S. nettgauensis Gründel 1966WSB93
| |--CytherinaeM61
| |--Mediocytherideis Mandelstam 1956BB61 [MediocytherideidinaeM61, Mediocytherideisinae]
| | `--*M. apatoica (Schweyer 1949) [=Cytheridea apatoica]BB61
| |--GlorianellinaeM61
| | |--Glorianella Schneider 1956BB61
| | | `--*G. efforta Schneider 1956BB61
| | `--Renngartenella Schneider in Mandelstam et al. 1957M61, BB61
| | `--*R. pennata Schneider in Mandelstam et al. 1957BB61
| |--FaluniinaeM61
| | |--Falunia Grekoff & Moyes 1955BB61
| | | `--*F. girondica Grekoff & Moyes 1955BB61
| | |--Taxodiella Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957M61, BB61
| | | `--*T. fiscellaformis Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957BB61
| | `--Thalmannia LeRoy 1939M61, BB61
| | `--*T. sumatraensis LeRoy 1939BB61
| `--SchizocytherinaeL05
`--Cytheruridae [Cytheropterinae, Cytherurinae, Eocytheropterinae, Paracytherideinae, Procytheropterinae]NT02
|--Angulicytherura Schornikov & Dolgov 1995NT02
| `--A. miii (Ishizaki 1969) [=Tetracytherura miii, Cytherura miii]NT02
|--Howeina Hanai 1957BB61
| `--*H. camptocytheroidea Hanai 1957BB61
|--Kangarina Coryell & Fields 1937BB61
| `--*K. quellita Coryell & Fields 1937BB61
|--Kobayashiina Hanai 1957BB61
| `--*K. hyalinosa Hanai 1957BB61
|--Metacytheropteron Oertli 1957BB61
| `--*M. elegans Oertli 1957BB61
|--Otocythere Triebel & Klingler 1959BB61
| `--*O. callosa Triebel & Klingler 1959BB61
|--Paracytheropteron Ruggieri 1952BB61
| `--*P. calcaratum (Seguenza 1880) [=Cytheropteron calcaratum, Paracytheridea (*Paracytheropteron) calcarata]BB61
|--Citrella Oertli 1959LH61
| `--*C. nitida Oertli 1959LH61
|--Parariscus Oertli 1959LH61
| `--*P. bathonicus Oertli 1959LH61
|--‘Paenula’ Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957 non Simon 1897M61, BB61
| `--*P. superba Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957BB61
|--Cytherurina Mandelstam 1958M61, BB61
| `--*C. ‘cellulosa’ [=Hemicytherura cellulosa Hornibrook non Norman 1865]BB61
|--Pseudocytherura Dubowsky 1939M61, BB61
| `--*P. pontica Dubowsky 1939BB61
|--Brachycytheropteron Kuznetsova 1960M61
| `--*B. bicornutum (Alexander 1933) [=Cytheropteron bicornutum]BB61
|--Eocytheropteron Alexander 1933BB61
| |--*E. bilobatum (Alexander 1929) [=Cytheropteron bilobatum]BB61
| `--E. corrosum (Grékoff 1963)G12
|--Levocytherura Schornikov 1969DH86
| |--L. pontica (Marinov 1962)DH86
| `--L. remanei (Marinov 1964)DH86
|--Mehesella Reyment 1960 [incl. Budaia Méhes 1941 non Wells 1933]BB61
| |--*M. paleobiafrensis Reyment 1960BB61
| `--M. biafrensisBB61
|--Orthonotacythere Alexander 1933 [incl. Cytheropterina Mandelstam 1956]BB61
| |--*O. hannai (Israelsky 1929) [=Cytheridea hannai]BB61
| `--O. vegranda [=*Cytheropterina vegranda]BB61
|--Paijenborchellina Kuznetsova 1957BB61
| |--*P. excelens Kuznetsova 1957BB61
| `--P. ijuensisBB61
|--Procytheropteron Lyubimova 1955BB61
| |--*P. obesum Lyubimova 1955BB61
| `--P. virgineum (Jones 1849) [=Cythere punctatula var. virginea]BB61
|--Segmina Mandelstam in Mandelstam et al. 1957M61, BB61
| |--*S. lunularis (Lienenklaus 1894) [=Cytheropteron lunulare]BB61
| `--S. obvallaBB61
|--Semicytherura Wagner 1957NT02
| |--*S. nigrescens (Baird 1838) [=Cythere nigrescens]BB61
| |--S. acuticostataBB61
| `--S. wakamurasaki Yajima 1982NT02
|--Eucytherura Müller 1894BB61
| |--*E. complexa (Brady 1867) [=Cythere complexa]BB61
| |--E. argentina Ballent 1991G12
| |--E. michelseni (Finger 1983)G12
| `--E. pichia (Ballent 1991)G12
|--Cytherura Sars 1866NT02
| |--*C. gibba (Müller 1785)BB61 [=Cythere gibbaBB61, Monoculus gibbusL02]
| |--C. bajacalaB61
| |--C. johnsonoides Swain 1967S-VC91
| |--C. oertlii Dingle 1984G12
| `--C. ostiicola Hartmann 1957H59
|--Cytheropteron Sars 1866 [incl. Aversovalva Hornibrook 1952]BB61
| |--*C. latissimum (Norman 1865) [=Cythere latissima; incl. Cytheropteron convexum Sars 1866]BB61
| |--C. aureum [=*Aversovalva aurea]BB61
| |--C. newportenseB61
| `--C. pacificumB61
|--Paracytheridea Müller 1894 [incl. Mooreina Harlton 1935]BB61
| |--P. bovettensis (Seguenza 1880) [=Cytheropteron bovettensis; incl. *P. depressa Müller 1894]BB61
| |--P. brusselensisBB61
| |--P. grantiB61
| `--P. grignonensisS61
|--Paradoxorhyncha Chapman 1904 (n. d.)G12, BB61
| |--*P. foveolata Chapman 1904BB61
| |--P. australiensis (Chapman 1904) [=P. australiense (l. c.)]G12
| |--P. jurassica (Chapman 1904)G12
| |--P. malgachica Mette & Geiger 2004G12
| `--P. neuquenensis (Ballent 1991)G12
`--Hemicytherura Elofson 1941NT02
|--*H. cellulosa (Norman 1865) [=Cythere cellulosa]BB61
|--H. clathrataBB61
|--H. kajiyamai Hanai 1957NT02
|--H. reticulataG83
`--H. tricarinata Hanai 1957NT02
Cytheroidea incertae sedis:
Fernandinacythere Gottwald 1983DH86
`--*F. arenicola Gottwald 1983G83
Absonocytheropteron Puri 1957BB61
`--*A. carinata Puri 1957BB61
Habrocythere Triebel 1940BB61
`--*H. fragilis Triebel 1940BB61
Laocoonella deVos & Stock 1956 [=Laocoon deVos 1953 non Nierstrasz & Entz 1922]BB61
`--*L. commensalis (deVos 1953) [=*Laocoon commensalis]BB61
Marslatourella Malz 1959BB61
`--*M. exposita Malz 1959BB61
Pericythere Hartmann 1957BB61
`--*P. foveata Hartmann 1957BB61
Pseudocytheromorpha Puri 1957BB61
`--*P. elongata Puri 1957BB61
Rectocythere Malz 1958BB61
`--*R. iuglandiformis (Klingler 1955) [=Clithrocytheridea iuglandiformis]BB61
Redekea deVos 1953BB61
`--*R. perpusilla deVos 1953BB61
Ruggieria Keij 1957BB61
`--*R. micheliniana (Bosquet 1852) [=Cythere micheliniana]BB61
Stillina Laurencich 1957BB61
`--*S. asterata Laurencich 1957BB61
Tscherdynzeviana Kashevarova 1958BB61
`--*T. busulukensis Kasherova 1958BB61
Velarocythere Brown 1957BB61
`--*V. scuffeltonensis Brown 1957BB61Ishizakiella miurensis (Hanai 1957)Y03 [=Tanella miurensisY03; incl. Cythere inflata Brady 1890 (preoc.)NT02, Tanella pacifica Hanai 1957NT02, Ishizakiella pacificaNT02]
Neocytherideis subulata fasciata (Brady & Robertson 1874) [=Cytherideis subulata var. fasciata, *N. elongatus Puri 1952]BB61
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[B61] Benson, R. H. 1961. Ecology of ostracode assemblages. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q56–Q63. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
[BB61] Benson, R. H., J. M. Berdan, W. A. van den Bold, T. Hanai, I. Hessland, H. V. Howe, R. V. Kesling, S. A. Levinson, R. A. Reyment, R. C. Moore, H. W. Scott, R. H. Shaver, I. G. Sohn, L. E. Stover, F. M. Swain & P. C. Sylvester-Bradley. 1961. Systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q99–Q421. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
[DH86] Danielopol, D. L., & G. Hartmann. 1986. Ostracoda. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 265–294. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.
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[G12] Guzel, M. 2012. Jurassic and Early Cretaceous ostracods from Western Australia: what they reveal about evolution of the Indian Ocean. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 849–882. Springer.
[H59] Hartmann, G. 1959. Zur Kenntnis der lotischen Lebensbereiche der pazifischen Küste von El Salvador unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Ostracodenfauna. Kieler Meeresforschungen 76 (2): 187–241.
[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 4. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.
[LH61] Levinson, S. A., & H. V. Howe. 1961. Addendum. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q421–Q422. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
[L05] Liebau, A. 2005. A revised classification of the higher taxa of the Ostracoda (Crustacea). Hydrobiologia 538: 115–137.
[MD01] Martin, J. W., & G. E. Davis. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Science Series 39: 1–124.
[M61] Moore, R. C. 1961. Supplement—USSR treatise on Ostracoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q422–Q429. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
[NT02] Nakao, Y., & A. Tsukagoshi. 2002. Brackish-water Ostracoda (Crustacea) from the Obitsu River estuary, central Japan. Species Diversity 7 (1): 67–115.
[S61] Scott, H. W. 1961. Shell morphology of Ostracoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q21–Q37. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.
[WSB93] Whatley, R. C., D. J. Siveter & I. D. Boomer. 1993. Arthropoda (Crustacea: Ostracoda). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 343–356. Chapman & Hall: London.
[Y03] Yamaguchi, S. 2003. Biogeographical history and morphological evolution of two closely related ostracod species, Ishizakiella ryukyuensis and I. miurensis. Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 623–632.