Belongs within: Heteroneura.
Contains: Psychidae, Tineidae, Apoditrysia, Roeslerstammiidae, Yponomeutoidea, Gracillariidae, Bucculatricidae, Lyonetiidae, Heliodinidae.
The Ditrysia are a major clade of Lepidoptera accounting for some 98% of the species of the order. They are characterised by female genitalia with an internal connection between the copulatory opening and ovipore, as well as by large apodemes on the second abdominal sternite and short bands rather than long fibres in the proboscis muscles (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).
Basal members of the clade, historically gathered into the superfamily Tineoidea (now recognised as non-monophyletic) are small to medium-sized species with narrow, typically grey fore wings that often retain the M vein in the discal cell. Most lack ocelli (Nielsen & Common 1991). The Meessiinae are very small moths associated with fungi and lichens (Nielsen & Common 1991). Historically, this subfamily has been included in the Tineidae but phylogenetic analyses support a more basal position in the Ditrysia. Meessiines typically have a simple fore wing pattern of large spots or blotches, or transverse bands, and usually have a reduced venation with loss or stalking of Rs and M branches (Davis & Robinson 1999).
The Eriocottidae are characterised by the presence of an antennal pecten and free metathoracic furca (Davis & Robinson 1999). The Millieriidae have a disparate distribution in the Western Palaearctic, Florida and Chile, and have a bisetose L-group on the larval prothorax (Dugdale et al. 1999).
Bedellia is a cosmopolitan genus with a dense antennal pecten and grey fore wings. Bedellia somnulentella is a pest of sweet potato, producing blotch mines on leaves (Nielsen & Common 1991).
<==Ditrysia [Gracillarioidea, Papilionina, Tineina, Tineites, Tineoidea, Tineomorpha, Tortrices]
| i. s.: Cerostoma Latreille 1802L02
| |--*C. dorsatum [=Ypsolophus dorsatus]L02
| `--C. persicellaF92
| Coriscium cuculipennellum Hübner 1831B12
| Millieriidae [Millieriinae]NK11
| |--PhormoestesDK99
| `--Millieria dolosanaDK99
| PseudurgisNK11
| Titanomis Meyrick 1888NK11
|--Meessiinae [Meessiidae]KP19
| | i. s.: Meessia leopoldellaYS10
| | DemobrotisNC91
| | Eudarcia simulatricellaKP19
| | HomosetiaDR99
| | BaeophyllaDR99
| | Palaeoinfurcitinea Kozlov 1987K88
| | `--P. rohdendorfi Kozlov 1987K88
| | Simulotinea Skalski 1977K88
| | `--S. intermedia Skalski 1977K88
| | Tineolamina Rebel 1934K88
| | `--T. aurella Rebel 1934K88
| | Electromeessia Kozlov 1987K88
| | `--E. zagulajevi Kozlov 1987K88
| `--InfurcitineiniK88
| |--InfurcitineaDR99
| `--Paratriaxomasia Jarzembowski 1980K88
| `--P. solentensis Jarzembowski 1980K88
`--+--+--PsychidaeB37
| `--Eriocottidae [Compsoctenidae]DR99
| | i. s.: Melusina energaRD77
| |--Compsoctena [Compsocteninae]DR99
| | `--C. thwaitesiiDR99
| `--EriocottinaeDR99
| |--Eriocottis fuscanellaDR99
| |--DeuterotineaDR99
| |--Eucryptogona trichobathraDR99, NC91
| `--Crepidochares neblinaeDR99
`--+--+--TineidaeKP19
| `--Dryadaula [Archimeessiinae, Dryadaulidae, Dryadaulinae]KP19
| `--D. visaliellaKP19
`--+--ApoditrysiaGE05
`--+--+--RoeslerstammiidaeKP19
| `--YponomeutoideaKP19
`--+--GracillariidaeKP19
`--+--BucculatricidaeKP19
`--+--LyonetiidaeKP19
|--HeliodinidaeM03
`--BedelliaNC91 [BedelliidaeM03, Bedelliinae]
|--B. psamminellaL27
`--B. somnulentellaNC91
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[B37] Balduf, W. V. 1937. Bionomic notes on the common bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., (Lepid., Psychidae) and its insect enemies (Hym., Lepid.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (7): 169–184.
[B12] Braun, A. F. 1912. Notes on some North American Tineina. Canadian Entomologist 44 (5): 159–161.
[DR99] Davis, D. R., & G. S. Robinson. 1999. The Tineoidea and Gracillarioidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (ed.). Handbuch der Zoologie vol. 4. Arthropoda: Insecta pt 35. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies vol. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography pp. 91–117. Walter de Gruyter.
[DK99] Dugdale, J. S., N. P. Kristensen, G. S. Robinson & M. J. Scoble. 1999. The smaller Microlepidoptera-grade superfamilies. In: Kristensen, N. P. (ed.). Handbuch der Zoologie vol. 4. Arthropoda: Insecta pt 35. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies vol. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography pp. 217–232. Walter de Gruyter.
[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.
[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.
[K88] Kozlov, M. V. 1988. Paleontologiâ češuekrylyh i voprosy filogenii otrâda Papilionida. In : Ponomarenko, A. G. (ed.) Melovoj Biocenotičeskij Krizis i Èvolûciâ Nasekomyh pp. 16–69. Akademiâ Nauk SSSR: Moscow.
[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.
[L27] Lindsay, S. 1927. A list of the Lepidoptera of Deans Bush, Riccarton, Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 693–696.
[M03] McQuillan, P. B. 2003. The giant Tasmanian ‘pandani’ moth Proditrix nielseni, sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea: Plutellidae s. l.) Invertebrate Systematics 17: 59–66.
[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).
[NK11] Nieukerken, E. J. van, L. Kaila, I. J. Kitching, N. P. Kristensen, D. C. Lees, J. Minet, C. Mitter, M. Mutanen, J. C. Regier, T. J. Simonsen, N. Wahlberg, S.-H. Yen, R. Zahiri, D. Adamski, J. Baixeras, D. Bartsch, B. Å. Bengtsson, J. W. Brown, S. R. Bucheli, D. R. Davis, J. De Prins, W. De Prins, M. E. Epstein, P. Gentili-Poole, C. Gielis, P. Hättenschwiler, A. Hausmann, J. D. Holloway, A. Kallies, O. Karsholt, A. Y. Kawahara, S. Koster, M. V. Kozlov, J. D. Lafontaine, G. Lamas, J.-F. Landry, S. Lee, M. Nuss, K.-T. Park, C. Penz, J. Rota, A. Schintlmeister, B. C. Schmidt, J.-C. Sohn, M. A. Solis, G. M. Tarmann, A. D. Warren, S. Weller, R. V. Yakovlev, V. V. Zolotuhin & A. Zwick. 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 212–221.
[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.
[YS10] Yefremova, Z. A., & I. S. Strakhova. 2010. A review of the species of the genus Elasmus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Russia and neighboring countries. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 89 (3): 634–661.