Drepanidae

 Yellow hooktip Tridrepana fulvata, photographed by Kenichiro Nakao.

Belongs within: Macroheterocera.

The Drepanidae are a group of moths bearing two-chambered tympanal organs on the second abdominal segment. The subfamily Drepaninae includes the hook-tip moths, so named due to the hooked ends of their forewings. The fore wing has M2 and M3 approximated at the base and the hind wing has Sc + R1 remote from Rs (Richards & Davies 1977).

Characters (from Nielsen & Common 1991): Small to medium sized; head usually smooth scaled; ocelli present or absent; chaetosemata absent; antennae filiform, lamellate or bipectinate; proboscis present and unscaled, or absent; maxillary palps minute, one-segmented or absent; labial palps short to long, porrect or upcurved; epiphysis present or absent; spurs 0-2-4, 0-2-2, 0-0-4 or 0-0-0; tarsal claws usually toothed, hind tibiae often with long scales; forewing usually broadly triangular, apex often falcate, with or without wing-locking microtrichia, often with one narrow areole, CuP absent, 1A+2A sometimes with short fork; frenulum often clubbed or absent; Sc+R1 separated from Rs at base, approximated to, or shortly fused with, Rs before or beyond end of cell, CuP absent, one or two anal veins; abdomen with paired, two-chambered tympanal organs in segment 2 with tympanum situated within a sternal component between chambers. Eggs of flat type. Larvae with ventral prolegs on segments 3 to 6 with bi- or, rarely, uniordinal crochets in a mesoseries and, usually, a small uniordinal lateroseries; anal prolegs reduced or absent, secondary setae present or absent; exposed or in rolled leaf, with end of abdomen sometimes produced and raised when resting. Pupa without dorsal spines, cremaster rudimentary, in cocoon among fallen leaves; not protruded at ecdysis.

<==Drepanidae
|--+--CyclidiinaeKP19
| | | i. s.: ‘Euchera’ substigmaria Hübner 1831NO08
| | `--Cyclidia sybstigmariaKP19
| `--Thyatirinae [Cymatophoridae, Thyatiridae]KP19
| |--Pseudothyatira cymatophoroidesKP19
| |--Thyatira batisF92
| |--Cymatophora orF92
| `--Habrosyne derasaRD77
`--DrepaninaeS02
|--Teldenia Moore 1882S02
| `--T. vestigiata Butler 1880S02
|--Callidrepana Felder & Felder 1867S02
| `--C. argenteola Moore in Horsfield & Moore 1859S02
|--Leucodrepana Hampson 1892S02
| `--L. idaeoides Hampson 1892S02
|--Spica Swinhoe 1889S02
| `--S. luteola Swinhoe 1889S02
|--Albara Walker 1866S02
| |--A. lilacinaS02
| `--A. violacea Butler 1889S02
|--Macrauzata Butler 1889KP19, S02
| |--M. fenestraria Moore 1867S02
| |--M. maximaS02
| `--M. submontanaKP19
|--Tridrepana Swinhoe 1895S02
| |--T. albonotata Moore 1879S02
| |--T. flavaKP19
| |--T. fulvataS02
| `--T. sadana Moore 1865S02
`--Drepana Schrank 1802S02
|--D. binariaG84
|--D. cultrariaF92
|--D. falcatariaF92
|--D. innotata Hampson 1892S02
`--D. pallida Moore 1879S02

Drepanidae incertae sedis:
MacrocilixS02
AuzataS02
DerocaS02
Bapta erina Druce 1900S02, D00
Cilix glaucata (Scopoli 1763)S02, JP05
HypsidiaNC91
|--H. erythropsalisC70
`--H. niphosemaNC91
Dipriodonta sericeaW70
DitrigonaW70
Tethea ocularis (Linnaeus 1767)JP05
Theteella fluctuosa (Hübner 1803)JP05
Falcaria lacertinaria (Linnaeus 1758)JP05
Sabra harpagula (Esper 1785)JP05
Astatochroa fuscimargoNC91
OretaNC91 [OretinaeS02]
`--O. jaspideaNC91

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[D00] Druce, H. 1900. Descriptions of some new genera and species of Heterocera from tropical South America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 507–527.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[JP05] Jungmann, E., & U. Poller. 2005. Neunachweise und Wiederfunde für die Schmetterlingsfauna (Insecta; Lepidoptera) des Altenburger Landes. Mauritiana 19 (2): 317–326.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[NO08] Nässig, W. A., & R. G. Oberprieler. 2008. An annotated catalogue of the genera of Eupterotidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Bombycoidea). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 53–80.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S02] Smetacek, P. 2002. Notes on new records of hooktip moths, Lepidoptera: Drepanidae, from the Kumaon and Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 446–454.

[W70] Wilkinson, C. 1970. Adding a point to a principal coordinates analysis. Systematic Zoology 19 (3): 258–263.

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