Belongs within: Euechinoidea.
Contains: Hemicidaroida, Calycina, Phymosomatoida, Echinoida, Temnopleuroida.
The Echinacea are a clade of regular echinoids in which the teeth of the lantern have developed a keel on the inner surface (stirodont type, modified to camarodont type with a closed foramen magnum in some subgroups). Within the Echinacea, members of the family Arbaciidae possess characteristic ambulacral plates with compound triads composed of a large central plate flanked on either side by a small demi-plate. Species of Arbacia have conspicuous naked spaces, lacking tubercles, on the upper parts of the interambulacra. The Tiarechinidae, a group of small echinoids from the Upper Triassic with a large peristome taking up much of the oral surface, may represent ancestors or relatives of the Arbaciidae (Fell & Pawson 1966).
Characters (Fell & Pawson 1966): Corona rigid; periproct within apical system; branchial slits present in adult; perignathic girdle complete in adult; lantern present in adult, teeth keeled.
Echinacea [Echinideae, Stirodonta]
| i. s.: Trichaelina Barrois 1887 (n. d.)A66
| HemicidaroidaSG93
| CalycinaSG93
|--+--PhymosomatoidaB01
| `--CamarodontaSG93
| |--EchinoidaB01
| `--TemnopleuroidaB01
`--+--Tiarechinus Neumayr 1881FP66 (see below for synonymy)
| `--*T. princeps Neumayr 1881FP66
`--Arbaciidae [Arbaciadae, Arbacina, Arbacioida, Echinocidaridae]B01
|--Acropeltis Agassiz 1840 non Montagne 1837 (ICBN)FP66
| `--*A. aequituberculata Agassiz 1840FP66
|--Acrosaster Lambert 1910FP66
| `--*A. michaleti Lambert in Lambert & Thiéry 1914FP66, SG93
|--Arbaciella Mortensen 1910FP66
| `--*A. elegans Mortensen 1910FP66
|--Arbia Cooke 1948FP66
| `--*A. aldrichi (Clark 1915) [=Coelopleurus aldrichi]FP66
|--Atopechinus Thiéry 1928FP66
| `--*A. cellensis Thiéry 1928FP66
|--Baueria Noetling 1885FP66
| `--*B. geometrica Noetling 1885FP66
|--Cottaldia Desor 1856 [=Cotteaudia Lambert & Thiéry 1910; incl. Heterocosmus Pomel 1883]FP66
| `--*C. benettiae (König 1820) [=Echinus benettiae]FP66
|--Dialithocidaris Agassiz 1898FP66
| `--*D. gemmifera Agassiz 1898FP66
|--Habrocidaris Agassiz & Clark 1906FP66
| `--*H. scutata Agassiz 1880 [=Podocidaris scutata]FP66
|--Heteropodia de Loriol in White 1887FP66
| `--*H. whitei de Loriol in White 1887FP66
|--Pleiocyphus Pomel 1883FP66
| `--*P. regularis (Etallon 1862) [=Glypticus regularis]FP66
|--Podocidaris Agassiz 1869FP66
| `--*P. sculpta Agassiz 1869FP66
|--Pygmaeocidaris Döderlein 1905FP66
| `--*P. prionigera (Agassiz 1879) [=Podocidaris prionigera]FP66
|--Tetrapygus Agassiz 1841 [incl. Echinocidaris Duncan 1889 non Desmoulins 1835]FP66
| `--*T. niger (Molina 1782)FP66 [=Echinus nigerFP66, Echinocidaris nigraD05]
|--Coelopleurus Agassiz 1840 (see below for synonymy)FP66
| |--C. coronalis (Leske 1778) [=Cidaris coronalis; incl. *Co. equis Agassiz 1840]FP66
| |--C. maculatus Agassiz & Clark 1907MG-H11
| `--C. pratti [=*Sykesia pratti]FP66
|--Codiopsis Agassiz 1840 (see below for synonymy)FP66
| |--*C. doma (Desmarest 1825) [=Echinus doma]FP66
| |--C. alpina [=*Pseudocodiopsis alpina]FP66
| `--C. regalisFP66
|--Glypticus Agassiz 1840 [incl. Hologlyptus Pomel 1883 (preoc.), Panglyptus Lambert & Thiéry 1914]FP66
| |--*G. hieroglyphicus (Goldfuss 1826) [=Echinus hieroglyphicus]FP66
| |--G. integerFP66
| |--G. kaufmanni [=*Panglyptus kaufmanni]FP66
| `--G. sulcatusFP66
|--Arbacia Gray 1835 [=Echinocidaris Desmoulin 1835; incl. Agarites Agassiz 1841, Anapesus Holmes 1860]FP66
| |--A. lixula (Linnaeus 1758)BK77, FP66 (see below for synonymy)
| |--‘Echinocidaris’ aequituberculata [=Plutellus aequituberculatus]H04
| |--A. alternansD05
| |--A. dufresneiD05
| |--A. punctulata (Lamarck 1816)T72, FP66 (see below for synonymy)
| |--A. stellataF67
| `--A. waccamawFP66
|--Magnosia Michelin 1858 [=Tuberculina Ebray 1858]FP66
| |--M. (Magnosia)FP66
| | |--*M. (M.) nodulosa (Goldfuss 1826) [=Echinus nodulosus, *Tuberculina nodulosa]FP66
| | |--M. (M.) peroniFP66
| | `--M. (M.) pilosFP66
| `--M. (Eucosmus Agassiz 1846) [=Eucosmechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1914]FP66
| |--M. (*E.) decoratus (Agassiz 1846) [=*Eucosmus decoratus, *Eucosmechinus decoratus]FP66
| `--M. (E.) mesleiFP66
`--Goniopygus Agassiz 1838 [incl. Cyphopygus Pomel 1883, Polygoniopygus Valette 1906]FP66
|--G. (Goniopygus)FP66
| |--*G. (G.) peltatus Agassiz 1838FP66
| |--G. (G.) arnaudiFP66
| |--G. (G.) majorFP66
| |--G. (G.) noguesiFP66
| `--G. (G.) pillati [=*Polygoniopygus pillati]FP66
`--G. (Tetragoniopygus Fell & Pawson 1966)FP66
|--G. (*T.) supremus Hawkins 1924FP66
`--G. (T.) minorFP66
Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus 1758)BK77, FP66 [=Echinus lixulaFP66; incl. A. aequituberculataBK77, Cidaris pustulosa Leske 1778FP66, *A. pustulosaFP66, *Echinocidaris pustulosusFP66]
Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck 1816)T72, FP66 [=Echinus punctulatusFP66, *Agarites punctulatusFP66; incl. *Anapesus carolinus Holmes 1860FP66]
Codiopsis Agassiz 1840 [incl. Hemicodiopsis Pomel 1883, Piliscus Pomel 1883 non Loven 1856, Pseudocodiopsis Valette 1906]FP66
Coelopleurus Agassiz 1840 [incl. Coeloclypeus Walther 1893 (n. n.), Delbosia Pomel 1883, Keraiophorus Michelin 1862, Koeraiaphorus (l. c.), Murravechinus Tate 1894 (n. n.), Phrissopleurus Pomel 1883, Spileccia Hebert & Munier-Chalmas 1878 (n. n.), Sykesia Pomel 1883]FP66
Tiarechinus Neumayr 1881FP66 [incl. Haueria Laube in Fell & Pawson 1966 (n. n.) non d’Orbigny 1846FP66; PlesiocidaroidaD66, Tiarechinidae]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A66] Anon. 1966. Doubtful nominal genera of echinoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U633. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.
[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.
[B01] Boczarowski, A. 2001. Isolated sclerites of Devonian non-pelmatozoan echinoderms. Palaeontologia Polonica 59: 1–219.
[D05] Döderlein, L. 1905. Arktische Seeigel. In: Römer, F., & F. Schaudinn (eds) Fauna Arctica. Eine Zusammenstellun der arktischen Tierformen, mit besonder Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 vol. 4 pp. 373–394. Gustav Fischer: Jena.
[F67] Fell, H. B. 1967. Echinoderm ontogeny. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa—Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) vol. 1 pp. S60–S85. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.
[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.
[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.
[SG93] Simms, M. J., A. S. Gale, P. Gilliland, E. P. F. Rose & G. D. Sevastopulo. 1993. Echinodermata. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 491–528. Chapman & Hall: London.
[T72] Tendal, O. S. 1972. A monograph of the Xenophyophoria (Rhizopodea, Protozoa). Galathea Report 12: 7–99.