Belongs within: Echinacea.
Contains: Strongylocentrotus, Echinus.
The Echinoida are a group of echinoids with a camarodont lantern known from the Palaeocene (possibly the Upper Cretaceous) to the present. Gill slits are shallow in most families but are narrow, distinct and commonly deep in Toxopneustidae (Fell & Pawson 1966).
Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Lantern camarodont. Test not sculptured. Tubercles imperforate, noncrenulate. Spines solid.
<==Echinoida [Echinina] | i. s.: Spaniocyphus Pomel 1883FP66 | `--*S. fallax [=Echinus fallax]FP66 | Trochoechinus de Loriol 1909FP66 | |--*T. zumoffeni (de Loriol 1902) [=Psammechinus zumoffeni]FP66 | `--T. tortonicusFP66 |--StrongylocentrotidaeFP66 | |--StrongylocentrotusB01 | |--Allocentrotus Mortensen 1942FP66 | | `--*A. fragilis (Jackson 1912) [=Strongylocentrotus fragilis]FP66 | `--Hemicentrotus Mortensen 1942 [incl. Discaster Agassiz 1872]FP66 | `--*H. pulcherrimus (Agassiz 1863) [=Sphaerechinus pulcherrimus]FP66 |--ParechinidaeSG93 | |--Parechinus Mortensen 1903 [=Protocentrotus Döderlein 1906]FP66 | | `--*P. angulosus (Leske 1778) [=Cidaris angulosa, *Protocentrotus angulosus]FP66 | `--Psammechinus Agassiz & Desor 1846SG93, FP66 | |--*P. miliaris (Müller 1771)FP66 (see below for synonymy) | |--P. bernouillensis Valette 1908SG93 | |--P. biarritzensisSG93 | `--P. microtuberculatus [=Parechinus microtuberculatus]BK77 |--Echinidae [Triplechinidae]FP66 | |--EchinusFP66 | |--Dermechinus Mortensen 1942FP66 | | `--*D. horridus (Agassiz 1879) [=Echinus horridus]FP66 | |--Atactus Pomel 1883 [=Rotulechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1914]FP66 | | `--*A. fischeri (Cotteau 1880) [=Psammechinus fischeri, *Rotulechinus fischeri]FP66 | |--Hypechinus Desor 1856FP66 | | `--*H. patagonensis (d’Orbigny 1842) [=Echinus patagonensis]FP66 | |--Isechinus Lambert 1903FP66 | | `--*I. praecursor (Ortmann 1904) [=Toxopneustes praecursor]FP66 | |--Polyechinus Mortensen 1942FP66 | | `--*P. agulhensis (Döderlein 1905) [=Paracentrotus agulhensis]FP66 | |--Stirechinus Desor 1856 [=Styrechinus (l. c.)]FP66 | | `--*S. scillae Desor 1856FP66 | |--Loxechinus Desor 1856FP66 | | |--*L. albus (Molina 1782) [=Echinus albus]FP66 | | `--L. bullatusD05 | |--Paracentrotus Mortensen 1903B01 | | |--*P. lividus (Lamarck 1816)FP66 [=Echinus lividusBK77, Strongylocentrotus lividusBK77, Toxopneustes lividusBK77] | | `--P. bouryi (Cotteau 1883) [=Toxopneustes bouryi]SG93 | |--Gracilechinus Fell & Pawson 1966FP66 | | |--*G. gracilis (Agassiz 1869) [=Echinus gracilis]FP66 | | |--G. acutusFP66 | | `--G. multidentatus (de Meijere 1904)MG-H11 | `--Sterechinus Koehler 1901FP66 | |--*S. antarcticus Koehler 1901FP66 | |--S. diademaD05 | |--S. horridusD05 | |--S. margaritaceusD05 | `--S. neumayeriAB01 |--Echinometridae [Echinometradae]FP66 | |--Colobocentrotus Brandt 1835 [=Colobocentrus Gray 1840]FP66 | | `--*C. mertensii Brandt 1835 [=*Colobocentrus mertensii]FP66 | |--Evechinus Verrill 1871FP66 | | `--*E. chloroticus (Valenciennes 1846) [=Echinus chloroticus]FP66 | |--Anthocidaris Lutken 1864FP66 | | `--*A. crassispina (Agassiz 1863) [=Toxocidaris crassispina]FP66 | |--Caenocentrotus Clark 1912FP66 | | `--*C. gibbosus (Agassiz & Desor 1840) [=Echinus gibbosus]FP66 | |--Pachycentrotus Clark 1912 [=Cryptopora Agassiz 1872 non Jeffreys 1869, Pachechinus Agassiz 1872]FP66 | | `--*P. australiae (Agassiz 1872) (see below for synonymy)FP66 | |--Podophora Agassiz 1840FP66 | | `--*P. atrata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Echinus atratus]FP66 | |--Selenechinus de Meijere in Delage & Hérouard 1903FP66 | | `--*S. armatus (de Meijere 1902) [=Echinus armatus]FP66 | |--Zenocentrotus Clark 1931FP66 | | `--*Z. kellersi Clark 1931FP66 | |--Heterocentrotus Brandt 1835 [=Holocentronotus Gray 1855; incl. Acrocladia Agassiz & Desor 1846]FP66 | | |--*H. mammillatus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Echinus mammillatus, *Holocentronotus mammillatus]FP66 | | `--H. trigonarius (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus trigonarius, *Acrocladia trigonaria]FP66 | |--Echinostrephus Agassiz 1863 [incl. Perinatus Agassiz 1872 (n. n.), Raphidechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1914]FP66 | | |--*E. aciculatus Agassiz 1863FP66 | | `--E. molaris (de Blainville 1825)BM09 [=Echinus molarisFP66, *Raphidechinus molarisFP66] | |--Heliocidaris Agassiz & Desor 1846 [incl. Toxocidaris Agassiz 1863]FP66 | | |--*H. tuberculata (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus tuberculatus]FP66 | | |--H. erythrogramma (Valenciennes 1846)FP66 (see below for synonymy) | | `--‘Toxocidaris’ gibbosusD05 | `--Echinometra Gray 1825 (see below for synonymy)FP66 | |--*E. lucunter (Linnaeus 1758) [=Echinus lucunter]FP66 | |--E. mathaei (de Blainville 1825)BM09 [incl. E. miocenica de Loriol 1902SG93] | |--‘Echinus’ oblonga de Blainville 1825 [=*Mortensenia oblonga]FP66 | |--E. prisca Cotteau 1875 [=*Plagiechinus priscus]FP66 | `--E. vanbrunti Agassiz 1863 [incl. *Ellipsechinus macrostomus Lutken 1864]FP66 `--Toxopneustidae [Parasaleniidae, Parasaleninae]SG93 |--Pseudocentrotus Mortensen 1903FP66 | `--*P. depressus (Agassiz 1863) [=Toxocidaris depressa]FP66 |--Cyrtechinus Mortensen 1942FP66 | `--*C. verruculatus (Lutken 1864) [=Psammechinus verruculatus]FP66 |--Goniopneustes Duncan 1889FP66 | `--*G. pentagonus (Agassiz 1872) [=Amblypneustes pentagonus]FP66 |--Gymnechinus Mortensen 1903FP66 | `--*G. robillardi (de Loriol 1883) [=Echinus robillardi]FP66 |--Scoliechinus Arnold & Clark 1927FP66 | `--*S. axiologus Arnold & Clark 1927FP66 |--Diplosalenia Mortensen 1942FP66 | `--*D. gosseleti (Cotteau 1894) [=Parasalenia gosseleti]FP66 |--Nudechinus Clark 1912 [incl. Taxophyma Lambert 1899]FP66 | |--*N. scotiopremnus Clark 1912FP66 | `--N. lyonsi (Gregory 1898) [=Psammechinus lyonsi, *Taxophyma lyonsi]FP66 |--Toxopneustes Agassiz 1841 [=Boletia Desor 1846; incl. Hemiechinus Girard in Agassiz 1872]FP66 | |--*T. pileolus (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus pileolus, *Boletia pileolus]FP66 | `--T. roseusFP66 |--Pseudoboletia Troschel 1869FP66 | |--*P. stenostoma Troschel 1869FP66 | `--P. indiana (Michelin 1862)MG-H11 |--Oligophyma Pomel 1869FP66 | |--*O. oranense Pomel 1869FP66 | `--O. cellenseFP66 |--Schizechinus Pomel 1869 [incl. Toxophyma Lambert & Thiéry 1925]FP66 | |--*S. tuberculatus (Pomel 1887) [=Anapesus tuberculatus]FP66 | `--S. ducieiFP66 |--Parasalenia Agassiz 1863 [=Cladosalenia Agassiz 1872]FP66 | |--*P. gratiosa Agassiz 1863 [=*Cladosalenia gratiosa]FP66 | `--P. poehli Pfeffer 1887BM09 |--Lytechinus Agassiz 1863 [=Psilechinus Lutken 1864]FP66 | |--*L. variegatus (Lamarck 1816)FP66 (see below for synonymy) | |--L. anamesusBK77 | `--L. floralanus (Cooke 1941)SG93 |--Sphaerechinus Desor 1856B01 | |--*S. granularis (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus granularis]FP66 | |--S. esculentusH04 | `--S. lividusD56 `--Tripneustes Agassiz 1841 [incl. Heliechinus Girard 1850, Hipponoe Gray 1840 (n. n.)]FP66 |--*T. ventricosus (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus ventricosus; incl. *Heliechinus gouldii Girard 1850]FP66 |--T. esculentusW79 `--T. gratilla (Linnaeus 1758)BM09
Echinometra Gray 1825 [incl. Ellipsechinus Lutken 1864, Ellipsocidaris Pomel 1869 (n. n.), Mortensenia Döderlein 1906, Plagiechinus Pomel 1883]FP66
Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Valenciennes 1846)FP66 [=Echinus erythrogrammusFP66, Toxocidaris erythrogrammusH15; incl. Toxopneustes delalandi Agassiz & Desor 1846FP66, *Toxocidaris delalandiFP66]
*Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck 1816)FP66 [=Echinus variegatusFP66, *Psilechinus variegatusFP66, Toxopneustes variegataBK77]
*Pachycentrotus australiae (Agassiz 1872) [=Sphaerechinus australiae, *Cryptopora australiae, *Pachechinus australiae]FP66
*Psammechinus miliaris (Müller 1771)FP66 [=Echinus miliarisFP66, Parechinus miliarisBK77; incl. E. virens Düben in Koren 1844D05]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[AB01] Aronson, R. B., & D. B. Blake. 2001. Global climate change and the origin of modern benthic communities in Antarctica. American Zoologist 41: 27–39.
[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.
[B01] Boczarowski, A. 2001. Isolated sclerites of Devonian non-pelmatozoan echinoderms. Palaeontologia Polonica 59: 1–219.
[BM09] Bryce, C., & L. Marsh. 2009. Echinodermata (Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 209–220.
[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.
[D05] Döderlein, L. 1905. Arktische Seeigel. In: Römer, F., & F. Schaudinn (eds) Fauna Arctica. Eine Zusammenstellun der arktischen Tierformen, mit besonder Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 vol. 4 pp. 373–394. Gustav Fischer: Jena.
[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.
[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.
[H15] Hedley, C. 1915. Presidential address. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (1): 1–77, pls 1–7.
[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.
[W79] Warner, G. F. 1979. Aggregation in echinoderms. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 375–396. Academic Press: London.