Elaphrinae

Belongs within: Conjunctae.

The Elaphrinae are a group of carabid beetles characterised by the presence of a setigerous puncture in each scrobe, and two setigerous punctures above each eye. Adults stridulate by rubbing a fine file on the medial margin of the elytral epipleuron against a row of fine tubercles on tergum VII (Ball & Bousquet 2001).

Characters (from Ball & Bousquet 2001): Size moderate to large (total length ca. 6-18 mm); head capsule ventrally without antennal grooves; antennal insertions laterad, each between base of mandible and anterior margin of eye; antenna filiform, antennomeres 2-4 not nodose, 2-6 without unusually long setae, eleven antennomeres; labrum with six setae; mandible with seta in scrobe; terminal palpomeres about cylindrical; pterothorax with mesonotal scutellum dorsally visible, not concealed beneath elytra; front coxal cavities closed by insertion of tip of proepimeron each side in cavity of lateral projection of prosternum, middle and hind coxal cavities disjunct-confluent; elytra extended to apex of abdominal sternum VIII, with apical margins subsinuate, striate or not dorsally; metathoracic wings large; front tibia anisochaete, antenna cleaner sulcate, grade B; abdomen with six (II-VII) pregenital sterna normally exposed, sterna III and IV separated by suture; male genitalia with parameres similar in form, and both moderately long, setose preapically and apically; ovipositor with gonocoxae rotated 90° in repose, without ramus, gonocoxa with two articles, gonocoxite 2 without accessory lobe; and reproductive tract without spermatheca 1, with spermatheca 2; secretions of pygidial glands higher saturated acids, discharge by oozing.

<==Elaphrinae [Elaphrini, Elaphritae]B14
    |--Diacheila Motschulsky 1844BB01
    |--Nebriosoma Castelnau 1867LM87
    |    `--*N. fallax Castelnau 1867LM87
    |--Calyptogonia Sloane 1920LM87
    |    `--*C. atra Sloane 1920 [=C. ater]LM87
    |--Decogmus Sloane 1915LM87
    |    `--*D. chalybeus Sloane 1915LM87
    |--Belthisa Bonelli 1810BB01
    |    |--B. catenaria Brown 1944BB01
    |    `--B. multipunctataBB01
    |         |--B. m. multipunctataBB01
    |         `--B. m. aurata Fischer von Waldheim 1828BB01
    `--Elaphrus Fabricius 1775BB01
         |  i. s.: E. aquaticusL02
         |         E. aureusVB21
         |         E. californicusOM08
         |         E. cupreusC01
         |         E. ripariusC01
         |         E. sugai Nakane 1987I92
         |         E. uliginosusC01
         |         E. viridis Horn 1878B14
         |--E. (Arctelaphrus Semenov 1926)BB01
         |    `--E. (A.) lapponicus Gyllenhal 1810BB01
         |--E. (Elaphroterus Semenov 1895)BB01
         `--E. (Neoelaphrus Hatch 1951)BB01

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[BB01] Ball, G. E., & Y. Bousquet. 2001. Carabidae Latreille, 1810. In: Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia pp. 32–132. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature’s gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LM87] Lawrence, J. F., B. P. Moore, J. E. Pyke & T. A. Weir. 1987. Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 4. Coleoptera: Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[OM08] Ober, K. A., & D. R. Maddison. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of tribes within Harpalinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as inferred from 28S ribosomal DNA and the wingless gene. Journal of Insect Science 8: 63.

[VB21] Vasilikopoulos, A., M. Balke, S. Kukowka, J. M. Pflug, S. Martin, K. Meusemann, L. Hendrich, C. Mayer, D. R. Maddison, O. Niehuis, R. G. Beutel & B. Misof. 2021. Phylogenomic analyses clarify the pattern of evolution of Adephaga (Coleoptera) and highlight phylogenetic artefacts due to model misspecification and excessive data trimming. Systematic Entomology 46: 991–1018.