Erinaceidae

Belongs within: Erinaceomorpha.
Contains: Erinaceinae.

The Erinaceidae include the hedgehogs and their spine-less cousins, the gymnures. Erinaceids are first recorded from the Middle Eocene, with Entomolestes from North America belonging to the Tupaiodontinae. The Oligocene saw the appearance of the other subfamilies, with Proterix in North America and the remainder (including the tupaiodontine genera Tupaiodon and Ictopidium) in Eurasia. Representatives of the living subfamilies Erinaceinae and Galericinae, as well as the Brachyericinae, reached Africa and North America during the Miocene (Butler 1988).

Characters (from Butler 1988): P⁴/M₁ shear; P⁴ with high paracone and long metacrista; M₁ enlarged with extended trigonid, paraconid forwardly placed as high paracristid. Posterior molars reduced; paraconid on M_2-3 reduced to transverse crest at level of talonid of preceding tooth; M₂ metacrista very short. Zygomatic process of maxilla shifted forward.

<==Erinaceidae [Acanthionidae]
    |  i. s.: Deinogalerix Fruedenthal 1973R06, D07
    |           `--D. koeingswaldiD07
    |--TupaiodontinaeB88
    |    |--Zaraalestes (Matthew & Granger 1924) [incl. Ictopidium tatalgolensis Sulimski 1970]L03
    |    |--Ictopidium Zdansky 1930B88, V67
    |    |    `--I. lechei Zdansky 1930GH99
    |    |--Tupaiodon Matthew & Granger 1924B88, N85
    |    |    |--T. minutusB88
    |    |    `--T. morrisi Matthew & Granger 1924L03
    |    `--Entomolestes Matthew 1909B88, V67
    |         |--E. grangeriB88
    |         |--E. nitensM68
    |         `--E. siegfriedtiM68
    `--+--Proterix Matthew 1903B88, G68 [Protericini]
       |    |--*P. loomisi Matthew 1903G68
       |    `--P. bicuspis (Macdonald 1951) [=Apternodus bicuspis]G68
       `--+--+--ErinaceinaeB88
          |  `--Brachyericinae [Brachyericini]B88
          |       |--Brachyerix Matthew 1933V67
          |       |    |--B. macrotis Matthew 1913L03
          |       |    `--B. montanus Matthew in Matthew & Mook 1933V67
          |       |--Metechinus Matthew 1929G68, V67
          |       |    |--M. fergusoni Henshaw 1942V67
          |       |    `--M. nevadensis Matthew 1929V67
          |       `--ExallerixB88
          |            |--E. hsandagolensis McKenna & Holton 1967L03
          |            `--E. manahan Lopatin & Zazhigin 2003L03
          `--GalericinaeB88
               |  i. s.: EochenusMJ11
               |         EogalericiusMJ11
               |--Neurogymnurus Filhol 1877 (see below for synonymy)V67
               |    `--N. indricotheriiMJ11
               |--GalericiniV67
               |    |--Tetracus Aymard 1850V67
               |    `--Galerix Pomel 1848V67 [incl. Parasorex Meyer 1865V67, Pseudogalerix Gallard 1929N85, V67]
               |         |--G. africanus Butler 1956B78
               |         |--G. exilisG68
               |         `--G. socialisN85
               `--Echinosoricini [Echinosoricinae, Gymnurinae, Hylomidae]V67
                    |  i. s.: Lanthanotherium Filhol 1888V67
                    |         Ocajila MacDonald 1963V67
                    |           `--O. makpiyahe Macdonald 1963V67
                    |--+--Echinosorex Blainville 1838FS15, V67 [incl. Gymnura Lesson 1827V67]
                    |  |    |--E. gymnuraHUG17
                    |  |    |    |--E. g. gymnuraHUG17
                    |  |    |    `--E. g. albaHUG17
                    |  |    `--‘Gymnura’ rafflesiiW42
                    |  `--Podogymnura Mearns 1905FS15, V67
                    |       |--P. aureospinulaIT07
                    |       `--P. trueiIT07
                    `--+--+--Neotetracus Trouessart 1909FS15, V67
                       |  |    `--N. sinensisFS15
                       |  `--Neohylomys Shaw & Wong 1959FS15, V67
                       |       `--N. hainanensisFS15 [=Hylomys hainanensisIT07]
                       `--Hylomys Miller 1829FS15, V67
                            |  i. s.: H. sinensisIT07
                            |--H. parvusFS15
                            `--+--H. megalotis Jenkins & Robinson 2002FS15, JK05
                               `--H. suillusFS15

Neurogymnurus Filhol 1877 [incl. Cayluxotherium Filhol 1880; Cayluxotheriini, Neurogymnurinae, Neurogymnurini]^V67

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[B78] Butler, P. M. 1978. Insectivora and Chiroptera. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 56–68. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[B88] Butler, P. M. 1988. Phylogeny of the insectivores. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 2. Mammals pp. 117–141. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[G68] Gawne, C. E. 1968. The genus Proterix (Insectivora, Erinaceidae) of the Upper Oligocene of North America. American Museum Novitates 2315: 1–26.

[GH99] Gheerbrant, E., & J.-L. Hartenberger. 1999. Nouveau mammifère insectivore (?Lipotyphla, ?Erinaceomorpha) de l’Eocène inférieur de Chambi (Tunisie). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 73 (1–2): 143–156.

[HUG17] Halliday, T. J. D., P. Upchurch & A. Goswami. 2017. Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals. Biological Reviews 92 (1): 521–550.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[JK05] Jenkins, P. D., C. W. Kilpatrick, M. F. Robinson & R. J. Timmins. 2005. Morphological and molecular investigations of a new family, genus and species of rodent (Mammalia: Rodentia: Hystricognatha) from Lao PDR. Systematics and Biodiversity 2 (4): 419–454.

[L03] Lopatin, A. V. 2003. A new genus of the Erinaceidae (Insectivora, Mammalia) from the Oligocene of Mongolia. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 37: 653–664.

[M68] McKenna, M. C. 1968. Leptacodon, an American Paleocene nyctithere (Mammalia, Insectivora). American Museum Novitates 2317: 1–12.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

[N85] Novacek, M. J. 1985. The Sespedectinae, a new subfamily of hedgehog-like insectivores. American Museum Novitates 2822: 1–24.

[R06] Rose, K. D. 2006. The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.

[V67] Van Valen, L. 1967. New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135 (5): 217–284.

[W42] Waterhouse, G. R. 1842. Observations of some species of Mammalia from Borneo. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 10: 114–116.