Belongs within: Malpighiales.
Contains: Antidesma, Glochidion, Baccaurea, Macaranga, Sauropus, Bertya, Sapium, Mallotus, Croton, Plukenetieae, Acalypha, Euphorbia.
The Euphorbiaceae are a diverse group of flowering plants, including trees, shrubs and herbs. Stipules are typically present though they may be modified into spines or glands, and may be deciduous. Many members of the family are succulent and some can bear a strong superficial resemblance to cacti. Members of the subfamily Euphorbioideae produce whitish latex and have reduced staminal flowers. Crotonoideae produce latex that is often reddish or yellowish and flowers have developed sepals and petals (Gillespie & Armbruster 1997). Species lacking both petals and latex have been placed in the subfamily Acalyphoideae but such a grouping may not be monophyletic.
Notable members of the Euphorbiaceae include Manihot, a genus of Neotropical herbs, shrubs and trees with white latex and often deeply palmate leaves, of which manioc or cassava M. esculenta is widely grown as a food plant. The castor oil plant Ricinus communis is a large herb or shrub with that is originally native to a range between eastern Africa and India but which has becomed naturalised in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Both Manihot and Ricinus species have deeply palmate leaves with three to nine lobes (Harden 1990).
Hevea is a Neotropical genus of trees with trifoliolate leaves, of which the Pará rubber tree H. brasiliensis is the most commercially significant source of latex for rubber. The physic nut Jatropha curcas is grown for the oil from its seeds which has been investigated as a potential source of biofuel. The candlenut Aleurites moluccana is also grown for its oily nuts which may be eaten or burned to provide light. The blindness trees of the genus Excoecaria are widespread in the Old World tropics, including the coastal mangrove species E. agallocha. Neoscortechinia is a genus of at least partially pilose (at least on young growth) trees found in the Malesian region that produce yellow, fragrant flowers. Homalanthus is an Indo-Oceanian genus of shrubs or small trees with entire, stipulate leaves (Allan 1961).
Characters (Flora of China): Trees, shrubs, or herbs, rarely woody or herbaceous lianas, monoecious or dioecious, indumentum of simple, branched, stellate, or gland-tipped hairs, peltate or glandular scales or stinging hairs, latex often present, clear, white, or colored; roots woody, rarely roots tuberous and stems succulent, sometimes spiny. Leaves alternate or opposite, rarely whorled; stipules usually present, often free, sometimes modified into spines or glands, deciduous or persistent; petioles long to short, sometimes with glands at apex or base; leaf blade simple, sometimes palmately lobed, rarely compound, or reduced to scales, margins entire or toothed, sometimes with distinct glands along margin and/or on surface, venation pinnate or palmate. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, flowers in cymes or fascicles, these often arranged along an elongated axis, branched or unbranched, forming a thyrse, in congested heads, or in a flowerlike cyathium with very reduced flowers enclosed within a mnore or less cupular involucre; bracts sometimes petaloid. Flowers unisexual, within same inflorescence or in separate inflorescences, actinomorphic. Sepals (1–)3–6(–8), free or connate into calyx tube, valvate or imbricate, rarely absent. Petals free, often reduced or absent. Disk present or absent. Male flowers with disk intrastaminal or extrastaminal, entire to dissected. Stamens one to very many, hypogynous; filaments free or connate; anthers 2(–4)-locular, mostly dehiscing longitudinally, rarely transversely or by pores, introrse or extrorse; rudimentary ovary sometimes present. Female flowers rarely with staminodes; ovary superior, (1–)2–5(–20)-locular; placentation axile; ovules 1 or 2 per locule, anatropous or hemitropous; styles free or connate, entire or lobed, or multifid, lobes erect, horizontal or curved; stigma capitate, linear, fimbriate, fan-shaped or pinnatilobate. Fruit typically a capsule elastically dehiscent into 2-valved cocci from a persistent columella, sometimes a berry or drupe. Seeds 1 or 2 per locule; seed coat thin to indurate, sometimes fleshy to form a sarcotesta; caruncle sometimes present; aril sometimes present; endosperm present or absent; embryo straight to curved or folded; cotyledons usually broader than radical. x = 6–14.
<==Euphorbiaceae [Acalyphoideae]
|--NeoscortechiniaXR12
| |--N. angustifoliaH03
| |--N. philippinensisH03
| `--N. sumatrensisH03
`--+--JatrophaXR12
| |--J. cuneataMF68
| |--J. curcasXR12
| |--J. gossypiifoliaLK14
| |--J. manihotFS90
| `--J. multifidaT-W89
|--+--MicrandraDL07 [incl. CunuriaE03]
| | `--M. siphonoidesDL07
| |--HeveaXR12
| | |--H. brasiliensisXR12
| | `--H. paucifloraDL07
| `--ManihotXR12
| |--M. aipiC55
| |--M. epruinosaRS98
| |--M. esculentaXR12
| |--M. flabellifoliaH90
| |--M. glazioviiRS98
| |--M. pseudoglazioviiMo99
| |--M. quinquepartitaGA97
| `--M. utilissima [=Mandioca utilissima]MM96
|--+--Suregada Rottler 1803XR12, A-R03 [incl. Gelonium Willdenow 1806 non Gaertner 1791A-R03]
| | |--‘Gelonium’ bifariumRCu02
| | `--‘Gelonium’ multiflorumRCu02
| |--CrotonoideaeGA97
| | | i. s.: Aleurites moluccanaGA97, CA27 [incl. A. trilobaC06]
| | |--CrotonXR12
| | `--+--Codiaeum variegatumXR12, DL07
| | |--Ostodes paniculataDL07
| | `--TrigonostemonXR12
| `--+--Omphalea Linnaeus 1759XR12, GA97 [Omphaleae]
| | |--*O. triandra Linnaeus 1759GA97
| | `--O. diandra Linnaeus 1759 [incl. O. megacarpa Hemsley 1897]GA97
| `--+--TetrorchidiumXR12
| `--EndospermumXR12
| |--E. formicarumN91
| |--E. medullosumNC91
| `--E. moluccanumDL07
`--+--+--MoultonianthusXR12
| `--+--ConceveibaXR12
| `--+--+--LasiocrotonXR12
| | `--PlukenetieaeXR12
| `--+--RicinusXR12
| | |--R. communisXR12
| | `--R. zanzibarensisP09
| `--+--SpathiostemonXR12
| `--AcalyphaXR12
`--+--Pimelodendron zoanthogyneXR12, DL07
`--EuphorbioideaeGA97
| i. s.: SenefelderaGA97
| MabeaGA97
| |--M. brasiliensisH11
| |--M. salicoidesGA97
| `--M. taquariL-M-HG08
|--EuphorbiaXR12
`--+--Hura crepitansXR12, S04
|--Maprounea guianensisDL07
`--Homalanthus Juss. 1824XR12, A61 [=OmalanthusH90]
|--H. novo-guineensisLK14
|--H. pedicellatusC06
|--H. polyandrus (Hooker) Cheeseman 1906A61 (see below for synonymy)
|--H. populifoliusC16 [=Carumbium populifoliumC16, Omalanthus populifoliusH90]
|--H. populneusDL07
`--‘Omalanthus’ stillingifoliusH90
Euphorbiaceae incertae sedis:
MercurialisPT01
|--M. annuaPT98
`--M. perennisPT01
AntidesmaE03
GlochidionUB06
DichostemmaH03
KairothamnusE03
Gymnanthes lucidaE03, J87
StrophioblachiaE03
AgrostistachysE03
|--A. capitataH03
`--A. longifoliaRCu02
DoryxylonE03
Shirakiopsis sancheziiE03, H03
DistichiropsE03
Homonoia ripariaM72
Chaetocarpus Thwaites 1849 (nom. cons.) [Chaetocarpeae]KC01
`--C. castanocarpusRCu02
BaccaureaE03
MacarangaE03
SauropusE03
AcidocrotonYY22
ActinostemonE03
AdenochlaenaYY22
AdenoclineYY22
AdenopeltisYY22
AfrotrewiaYY22
Agyneja impubesYY22, V98
AlcoceriaYY22
AlgernoniaYY22
AlphandiaE03
AmanoaE03
Andrachne cordifoliaDD73
AngostylisYY22
AnthostemaYY22
AonikenaYY22
ApodiscusYY22
ArgithamniaYY22
ArgomuelleraE03
AristogeitoniaE03
AvellantiaYY22
BaliospermumE03
|--B. calycinumDD73
|--B. corymbiferumDD73
`--B. montanumSR07
BertyaYY22
BlachiaE03
BonaniaYY22
BreyniaE03
|--B. cernuaHM03
|--B. coronataRCu02
|--B. nivosaB00
|--B. oblongifoliaMM09
|--B. patensDD73
|--B. reclinataRCu02
`--B. rhamnoidesM72
CalpigyneYY22
CephalocrotonE03
CephalocrotonopsisYY22
CephalomappaE03
ChiropetalumYY22
ChloradeniaYY22
ChondrostylisE03
ChrozophoraE03
|--C. brocchianaAGF98
|--C. plicataAGF98
|--C. rottelariVB02
|--C. senegalensisD17
`--C. tinctoriaY98
CladogynosE03
ClavistylisYY22
CluytiandraYY22
Cnesmone javanicaE03, RCu02
Colliguaya odoriferaYY22, G12
CorytheaYY22
CrotonopsisYY22
DalembertiaYY22
DicoeliaE03
DitaxisE03
|--D. californicaH93
|--D. clarianaH93
|--D. lanceolataH93
|--D. neomexicanaDL07
`--D. serrataH93
DysopsisE03
EleutherostigmaYY22
EpiprinusE03
|--E. malaccensisRCu02
`--E. malayanusRCu02
Erismanthes obliquaRCu02
FragariopsisYY22
GrimmeodendronYY22
Hippomane [Hippomaneae]E03
`--H. mancinellaRJ11
HypocotonYY22
JulocrotonYY22
KlaineanthusYY22
LasiococcaE03
LeidesiaYY22
LongetiaYY22
LortiaYY22
MareyaE03
MegistostigmaE03
Micrococca mercurialisE03, SR07
MonadeniumYY22
NecepsiaE03
NeopalisayaYY22
NeopycnocomaYY22
NeoroeperaYY22
NepenthandraYY22
OphthalmoblaptonYY22
PachystromaYY22
PachystylidiumE03
Paracroton pendulusE03, SR07
|--P. p. ssp. pendulusSR07
`--P. p. ssp. zeylanicusSR07
Pedilanthus tithymaloidesE03, K03
PetalodiscusYY22
PlatygyneYY22
Poranthera Rudge 1811A61
|--*P. ericifolia Rudge 1811R11
|--P. alpina Cheesem. ex Hooker 1881A61
|--P. coeruleaLK14
|--P. corymbosaC08
|--P. huegeliiGK00
`--P. microphylla Brong. 1828A61
PseudanthusH90
|--P. divaricatissimusH90
|--P. orientalisH90
|--P. ovalifoliusH90
|--P. pimeleoidesH90
`--P. virgatusGK00
Pterococcus Hasskarl 1842 (nom. cons.)FT93
PycnocomaE03
RameliaYY22
RicinocarposLK14
|--R. bowmaniiH90
|--R. marginatusLK14
|--R. pinifoliusL09
|--R. rosmarinifoliusLK14
|--R. speciosusH90
`--R. trichophyllusLK14
SagotiaE03
SchizostigmaYY22
Sebastiania chamaeleaM72
SeideliaYY22
SperanskiaYY22
SphaerostylisYY22
StenadeniumYY22
StillingiaE03
|--S. linearifoliaH93
|--S. paucidentataH93
`--S. spinulosaH93
SumbaviaYY22
SumbaviopsisE03
SynadeniumYY22
SyndyophyllumE03
TannodiaE03
TetraplandraYY22
TragiellaE03
TrisyngyneYY22
WetriariaYY22
WielandiaYY22
AdenophaedraGA97
AdrianaB00
|--A. glabrataH90
| |--A. g. var. glabrata [incl. A. glabrata var. heterophylla]H90
| `--A. g. var. subglabra [incl. A. glabrata var. acerifolia]H90
|--A. klotzschiiG96
|--A. quadripartitaB00
|--A. tomentosaB00
| |--A. t. var. tomentosaB00
| `--A. t. var. hookeriB00 [incl. A. hookeri var. glabriusculaH90]
`--A. urticoidesKM08
Alchorneopsis portoricensisGA97, SWK87
AlcinaeanthusYY22
Aparisthmium cordatumGA97, L-M-HG08
AporosellaYY22
AstrocasiaE03
AthroandraYY22
BaccaureopsisYY22
BlumeodendronE03
BocquilloniaYY22
BuraeaviaYY22
CaelebogyneYY22
CaryodendronE03
ChascothecaYY22
CheilosaE03
ChlamydojatrophaYY22
ClaroriviniaYY22
CoccocerasYY22
CocconerionYY22
CoelediscusYY22
CometiaYY22
ConceveibastrumYY22
CrotonogyneYY22
CyathogyneYY22
CyrtogononeYY22
CyrtogyneYY22
DeuteromallotusYY22
DiscocarpusE03
DiscoclaoxylonE03
DiscocleidionYY22
DiscoglypremnaE03
Ditta myricoidesJ87, SWK87
EverettiodendronYY22
FontaineaE03
|--F. australisH90
`--F. orariaH90
GivotiaYY22
GrosseraYY22
HamilcoaYY22
HasskarliaYY22
Hemicyclia serrataA78
HolstiaYY22
LepidoturusYY22
LeptonemeaYY22
LeucocrotonYY22
MaesobotryaE03
ManniophytonYY22
MartretiaYY22
MetteniaYY22
MischodonYY22
NeoboutoniaE03
NeojatrophaYY22
NeomanniophytonYY22
NulbraediaYY22
PaivaeusaYY22
PausandraE03
PlagiostylesYY22
PodadeniaYY22
PoggeophytonYY22
PolydragmaYY22
ProtomegabariaYY22
PseudagrostistachysE03
PseudocrotonYY22
PseudolachnostylisE03
RicheriaE03
RicinodendronE03
SaviaE03
SecretaniaYY22
SpondianthusE03
StaphysoraYY22
TetracarpidiumYY22
ThecacorisE03
Trewia nudifloraE03, HU08
TrigonopleuraE03
UapacaYY22
|--U. kirkianaSH02
`--U. nitidaSH02
VeconcitesYY22
WetriaE03
ActephilaE03
|--A. excelsaDD73
|--A. latifoliaH09
`--A. lindleyiH90
Alchornea [Alchornieae]GA97
|--A. costaricensisOB11
|--A. glandulosaF11
|--A. ilicifolia [incl. Coelebogyne ilicifolia]H90
|--A. latifoliaF11
|--A. rugosaJG19
|--A. tiliaefoliaDD73
`--A. villosaRcu02
AmpereaGK00
|--A. simulansGK00
|--A. spartioidesB96
|--A. volubilisGK00
`--A. xiphocladaH90 [=Leptomeria xiphoclada Sieber ex Sprengel 1827HG84; incl. A. spartioidesH90]
AngostylidiumYY22
BaloghiaH90
|--B. inophylla [incl. B. lucida]H90
`--B. marmorataH90
BeyeriaKM08
|--B. brevifoliaG04b
|--B. cinereaKM08
|--B. cyanescensK90
|--B. lasiocarpaH90
|--B. leschenaultiG76
|--B. opacaH90
`--B. viscosaN91
Caperonia palustrisRCl02
ClaoxylonH90
|--C. australeH90
|--C. hilliiLK14
`--C. indicum [incl. C. caerulescens]JG19
CleidionE03
CleistanthusUB06
|--C. collinusS02
|--C. cunninghamiiH90
`--C. sankunnianus Sivar. & Indu Balach. 1985UB06
CordemoyaYY22
Dimorphocalyx australiensisE03, LK14
GarciaE03
LautembergiaYY22
LebidieropsisYY22
MelanolepisE03
ReverchoniaYY22
SapiumE03
SecurinegaBB07
|--S. leucopyrusRaS02
`--S. virosaBB07
TanodiaYY22
Astraea lobata [=Croton lobatum]C55
MallotusE03
TriadicaE03
Microstachys chamaeleaE03, LK14
Margaritaria dubium-traceyiE03, LK14
PtychopyxisE03
Balakata luzonicaE03
LeptopusSK05
|--L. australisSK05
|--L. decaisneiMa99
`--L. sanjappae Sumathi, Karthigeyan et al. 2005SK05
AnnesijoaE03
BorneodendronE03
BotryophoraE03
ChoricerasE03
ClonostylisE03
Elateriospermum taposE03, RCu02
LoerzingiaE03
NeotrewiaE03
OctospermumE03
ReutalisE03
RicheriellaE03
TapoidesE03
Vernicia fordii [=Aleurites fordii]H90
Meineckia parvifoliaE03, SR07
SpirostachysE03
|--S. africanaRu-S02
`--S. patagonicaO06
CavacoaE03
CrotonogynopsisE03
MildbraediaE03
NeoholstiaE03
ParanecepsiaE03
SclerocrotonE03
CnidoscolusE03
|--C. aconitifoliusM-FR08
|--C. quercifoliusBV09
`--C. vitifoliusC-SQ08
ArgythamniaE03
DendrothrixE03
SandwithiaE03
Senefelderopsis croizatiiGA97
CelianellaE03
GlycydendronE03
JablonskiaE03
‘Diplomorpha’ Griffith 1854 non Meisner 1841FT93
HyeronimaMP00
|--H. alchorneoidesMP00
|--H. clusioidesSWK87
`--H. domingensisJ87
CalycopeplusLK14
|--C. collinusLK14
`--C. paucifoliusG04a
Erythrococca trichogyneDL07
MonotaxisDL07
|--M. bracteataDL07
|--M. linifoliaN91
|--M. luridaK90
|--M. macrophyllaH90
|--M. occidentalisGK00
`--M. tenuisLK14
KoilodepasDL07
|--K. batamenseDL07
`--K. longifoliumK03
BernardiaGA97
|--B. incanaBT72
`--B. myricifoliaDL07
Crepetocarpon perkinsiiXR12
ExcoecariaB00
|--E. acerifoliaSS72
|--E. agallocha Linnaeus 1759HS14
|--E. dallachyanaH90
|--E. ovalis Endlicher 1833HS14
`--E. parvifoliaLK14
GavarretiaGA97
Eremocarpus setigerusH93
Securinegoxylon biseriatum Mädel 1962CBH93
Crotonopollis burdwanensisCBH93
Retitricolporites irregularisCBH93
Friesia Spreng. 1818KC01
Galorrheus Haw. 1812KC01
Heterochlamys Turcz. 1843KC01
Siphonia Rich. ex Schreb. 1791KC01
Trichosterigma Klotzsch & Garcke 1859KC01
Zygospermum Thwaites ex Baill. 1858KC01
BrideliaB00
Kirganelia reticulataDD73
PimeleodendronB81
`--‘Daphniphyllum’ conglutinosum Hemsl. 1895B81
ChloriophyllumT-W89
Stalagmites dulcisT-W89
ElaeophorbiaJ54
|--E. drupifera [=Euphorbia drupifera; incl. Eu. grandifolia]J54
`--E. hierniiJ54
Romanoa Trevisan 1848 (see below for synonymy)S80
`--‘*Anabaena’ tamnoides de Jussieu 1824S80
HieronymaS04
|--H. caribaeaF04
`--H. huilensisS04
Cicca acidissimaRCu02
CoetanthusRCu02
|--C. hirsutulusRCu02
|--C. loevisRCu02
`--C. nitidusRCu02
Coelodiscus montanumRCu02
Cyclostemon longifoliusRCu02
Homalanthus polyandrus (Hooker) Cheeseman 1906A61 [=Carumbium polyandrum Hooker 1864A61; incl. C. nutansC06, Homalanthus nutans Hooker 1856 (preoc.)A61]
Romanoa Trevisan 1848 [incl. Anabaena de Jussieu 1824 (nom. rej.) non Bory de St Vincent 1822, Anabaenella Pax & Hoffmann 1919]S80
*Type species of generic name indicated
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