Euploea

Belongs within: Danaini.

Euploea, the crows, is a genus of generally dark-coloured butterflies. Species are primarily found in the Oriental and Australian regions, with the highest diversity around Indonesia. Larvae feed on plants of the Apocynaceae and Moraceae. Adults may form large aggregations during the dry season (Braby 2000).

Species are characterised by hind wings with the bases of veins Sc and R fused or in contact throughout their length. Males have broad patches of sex-scales in the costal area on the upperside of the hind wing, along the dorsum on the underside of the fore wing, and sometimes in narrow, elliptical patches near the dorsum on the upperside of the fore wing (Braby 2000).

<==Euploea Fabricius 1807B00 [incl. Crastia Hübner 1816B66a, Salpinx Hübner 1816B66a, Terpsichrois Hübner 1816B66a]
    |--E. abjecta Butler 1866B66a
    |    |--E. a. abjectaTYM08
    |    `--E. a. bona Nakamura 1929TYM08
    |--E. adyte Boisduval 1859B66b
    |--E. aegyptus Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. aglidice Boisduval 1832B66a
    |--E. aethiops Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. alcathoe (Godart 1819) [=Danais alcathoe]B66a
    |    |--E. a. alcathoeB00
    |    |--E. a. eichhorni Staudinger 1884B00
    |    |--E. a. enastri Fenner 1991B00
    |    |--E. a. macgregoriB00
    |    |--E. a. monilifera (Moore 1883)B00 [=Gamatoba moniliferaM90]
    |    `--E. a. nox Butler 1866B00, B66a
    |--E. alecto Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. algea (Godart 1819)B00 [=Danais algeaB66a]
    |    |--E. a. algeaB00
    |    |--E. a. amycus Miskin 1890B00
    |    `--E. a. violetta (Butler 1876)B00
    |--E. amymone Godart 1819B66a
    |--E. anthracina Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. batesii Felder & Felder 1865B00
    |    |--E. b. batesiiB00
    |    `--E. b. resarta Butler 1876 [incl. E. batesii belia Waterhouse & Lyell 1914]B00
    |--E. boisduvalii Lucas 1853 [=Deragena boisduvalii]M90
    |--E. boreas Miskin 1890M90
    |--E. bremeri Felder 1860B66a
    |--E. callithoe Boisduval 1832B66a
    |--E. camaralzeman Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. chloe Guérin 1843B66a
    |--E. climena (Stoll 1782)B00 [=Papilio climenaB66a, Crastia climenaB66a]
    |    |--E. c. climenaB00
    |    `--E. c. macleari Butler 1887B00 [=Vadebra macleariJG19]
    |--E. confusa Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. core (Cramer 1780)B00 [=Papilio coreB66a, Crastia coreB66a, Danais coraB66a, D. coretaB66a, Papilio corusB66a]
    |    |--E. c. coreDB91
    |    |--E. c. andamanensisDB91
    |    `--E. c. bumilaDB91
    |--E. corinna (Macleay 1826)B12 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--E. c. corinnaPP02
    |    `--E. ‘lewinii’ eschscholtziiPP02
    |--E. crameri Lucas 1853B66a
    |--E. crassa Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. cratis Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. crithon Miskin 1890M90
    |--E. darchia Macleay 1826B00 [=Calliploea darchiaM90, Danais darchiaB66a; incl. Euploea priapus Butler 1866M90]
    |    |--E. d. darchiaB00
    |    `--E. d. niveata (Butler 1875)B00 [=Calliploea niveataM90]
    |--E. dardanus Miskin 1890M90
    |--E. dehaani Lucas 1853B66a
    |--E. deione Westwood 1847B66a
    |--E. desjardinsii (Guérin 1829-1844) [=Danaida desjardinsii]B66a
    |--E. diana Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. diocletia (Hübner 1806) [=Amaura diocletia; incl. E. megilla Erichson 1834]B66a
    |--E. doleschalii Felder 1859B66a
    |--E. dryasis (Fabricius 1793) [=Papilio dryasis, Danais dryasis]B66a
    |--E. dufresnii (Godart 1819)B66a [=Danais dufresniiB66a; incl. E. laetifica Butler 1866B66b, B66a]
    |--E. duponchelii Boisduval 1832B66a
    |--E. ebenina Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. eleusine (Cramer 1780) [=Papilio eleusine, Danais eleusine, Salpinx eleusina, Terpsichrois eleusina]B66a
    |--E. eleutho (Quoy & Gaim. in Freycinet 1815)B66a [=Danais eleuthoB66a; incl. E. helcita Boisduval 1859B66b]
    |--E. elisa Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. esperi Felder 1863B66b
    |--E. euclus Miskin 1890M90
    |--E. eunice (Godart 1819)B66a (see below for synonymy)
    |--E. eupator Hewitson 1857-1861B66a
    |--E. euphone Fabricius 1793 [=Danais euphone]B66a
    |--E. eurianassa Hewitson 1857-1861B66a
    |--E. eurypon Hewitson 1857-1861B66a
    |--E. felderi Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. frauenfeldi Felder 1863B66b
    |--E. gamelia (Hübner 1806-1827) [=Salpinx gamelia; incl. E. faber Zinken-Sommer 1831]B66a
    |--E. gloriosa Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. godartii Lucas 1853B66a
    |--E. goudotii Boisduval 1833B66a
    |--E. gyllenhalii Lucas 1853B66a
    |--E. haworthii Lucas 1853B66a
    |--E. herbstii Boisduval 1832B66a
    |--E. hewitsonii Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. hippias Miskin 1890M90
    |--E. hisme Boisduval 1832B66a
    |--E. huebneri Moore 1857B66a
    |--E. hyacinthus Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. hyems Butler 1866B66a [incl. E. aerisbeM90]
    |--E. inquinata Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. iphianassa Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. janus Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. kadu Eschscholtz 1821B66b
    |--E. kinbergi Wallengren 1860B66a
    |--E. klugii Moore 1857B66a
    |--E. lapeyrousei Boisduval 1832B66a
    |--E. ledereri Felder 1860B66a
    |--E. leucostictos (Gmelin 1790) [incl. E. usipetes Hewitson 1858]B00
    |    |--E. l. leucostictosTYM08
    |    |--E. l. macleayiPP02
    |    `--E. l. sonana Nakamura 1932TYM08
    |--E. margarita Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. mazares Moore 1857B66a
    |--E. megaera Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. melancholica Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. melina (Godart 1819) [=Danais melina]B66a
    |--E. menetriesii Felder 1860B66a
    |--E. misenus Miskin 1890M90
    |--E. mitra Moore 1857B66a
    |--E. midamus (Linné 1766)B66a (see below for synonymy)
    |--E. modesta Butler 1866B66a
    |    |--E. m. modestaB88
    |    `--E. m. lugensB88
    |--E. moesta Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. moorei Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. morosa Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. muisgechii Felder 1859B66a
    |--E. netscheri Snellen 1889B00
    |--E. novarae Felder 1863B66b
    |--E. ochsenheimeri Lucas 1853B66a
    |--E. orope Boisduval 1832B66a
    |--E. palla Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. phoebus Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. picina Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. pollita Erichson 1833B66a
    |--E. proserpina Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. prothoe (Godart 1816) (see below for synonymy)B66a
    |--E. pumila Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. rhadamanthus (Fabricius 1793) (see below for synonymy)B66a
    |--E. rogeri (Hübner 1806) [=Crastia rogeri]B66a
    |--E. scherzeri Felder 1863B66b
    |--E. semicirculus Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. sepulchralis Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. superba (Herbst 1783-1795) [=Papilio superba; incl. Danais alopia Godart 1819]B66a
    |--E. swainsonii (Godart 1823) [=Danais swainsonii]B66a
    |--E. swinhoei Wallace & Moore 1866WM66
    |--E. sylvester (Fabricius 1793)B00 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--E. s. sylvesterB00
    |    |--E. s. pelor Doubleday 1847B00 [=Doricha pelorM90]
    |    `--E. s. tristis Butler 1866B00
    |--E. tisiphone Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. treitschkei Boisduval 1832B66a
    |--E. tulliolus (Fabricius 1793)B00 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--E. t. tulliolusPP02
    |    `--E. t. forsteriPP02
    |--E. vermiculata Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. vestigiata Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. viola Butler 1866B66a
    |--E. viridis (Butler 1882) [=Salpinx viridis, Saphara viridis]M90
    `--E. wallacei Felder 1860B66a

Euploea corinna (Macleay 1826)^B12 [=Danais corinna^M90, Charapa corinna^M90, Euploea core corinna^B00; incl. E. angasii Felder 1867^M90, Chanapa angasii^M90, E. lewinii Felder 1867^M90, Chanapa lewinii^M90]

Euploea eunice (Godart 1819)^B66a [=Danais eunice^B66a, Danaida eunice^B66a; incl. Limnas mutabilis nemertes Hübner 1806-1827^B66a, Euploea nemertes^PP02, Salpinx nemertes^B66a]

Euploea midamus (Linné 1766)^B66a [=Papilio (Danaus) midamus^{B66a, L58}, Danais midamus^B66a, Limnas mutabilis midamis^B66a; incl. Papilio basilissa Cramer 1780^B66a, P. claudius Fabricius 1793^B66a, Danais claudia^B66a, P. mulciber Cramer 1776^B66a]

Euploea prothoe (Godart 1816) [=Danais prothoe; incl. Terpsichrois alea Hübner 1816, Euploea pavettae Zinken-Sommer 1831]^B66a

Euploea rhadamanthus (Fabricius 1793) [=Papilio rhadamanthus; incl. Danais alcidice Godart 1819, D. diocletianus Fabricius 1793, D. rhadamia Godart 1819, Terpsichrois thoosa Hübner 1806-1827]^B66a

Euploea sylvester (Fabricius 1793)^B00 [=Papilio sylvester^B66a, Danais sylvestris^B66a, Doricha sylvester^M90; incl. Euploea melpomene Butler 1866^M90]

Euploea tulliolus (Fabricius 1793)^B00 [=Papilio tulliolus^B66a, Calliploea tulliolus^M90, Danais tulliola^B66a; incl. E. saundersii Feld. 1867^M90]

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B12] Braby, M. F. 2012. The butterflies of El Questro Wilderness Park, with remarks on the taxonomy of the Kimberley fauna, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 161–175.

[B66a] Butler, A. G. 1866a. A monograph of the diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the genus Euploea, with descriptions of many new species; founded principally on the specimens in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 268–302.

[B66b] Butler, A. G. 1866b. Corrections and addenda to certain papers on Lepidoptera published during the years 1865–66; with additional notes on some of the species described. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 451–458.

[DB91] De Baar, M. 1991. Euploea core corinna (Macleay) and Euploea algea amycus Miskin (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) form hybrids within Torres Strait, Queensland. Australian Entomological Magazine 18 (1): 45–47.

[JG19] James, D. J., P. T. Green, W. F. Humphreys & J. C. Z. Woinarski. 2019. Endemic species of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Records of the Western Australian Museum 34 (2): 55–114.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis revised 10th ed. vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M90] Miskin, W. H. 1890. A revision of the Australian species of Euploea, with synonymic notes, and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 4 (4): 1037–1046.

[PP02] Patrick, B., & H. Patrick. 2002. Butterflies of Fiji. Weta 24: 5–12.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

[WM66] Wallace, A. R., & F. Moore. 1866. List of lepidopterous insects collected at Takow, Formosa, by Mr. R. Swinhoe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 355–365.