Belongs within: Lamiidae.
Contains: Apocynaceae, Loganiaceae, Rubiaceae, Exaceae, Chironieae, Gentianeae, Helieae, Potaliinae, Faroinae, Lisianthius.
The Gentianales are an order of flowering plants including the major families Rubiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae and Apocynaceae (including asclepiadoids). Members of the clade other than Rubiaceae are united by the possession of internal phloem. Other representatives include the Gelsemiaceae, a small group of tropical and subtropical shrubs and lianas. Dialypetalanthus is a tree found in the Amazon basin that is distinctive within the clade in possessing flowers with free petals and several stamens.
The Gentianaceae have actinomorphic flowers with fused petals and sepals, and stamens attached to the inside of the petals. Fruit are usually dehiscent capsules, rarely berries. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the Neotropical Saccifolieae, a morphologically diverse group possessing flowers with anthers bearing broad and often extended connectives, represent the sister group to the remaining Gentianaceae (Struwe et al. 2002). Within the Saccifolieae, Curtia is a genus of erect annual herbs found from Mexico to Argentina. Saccifolium bandeirae is a shrub with corky-barked branches found on the highest peaks of tepuis along the Brazil-Venezuela border; it has closely arranged, pitcher-shaped leaves that are unique within the family. Voyriella parviflora is an erect, perennial herb found in tropical South America and Panama that is saprophytic, lacking chlorophyll. Voyria is another saprophytic genus of uncertain affinities found in northern South America, with a single species present in western Africa. The Potalieae are a morphologically diverse, pantropical group with terete to quadrangular or winged stems and opposite leaves (Struwe et al. 2002).
Characters (Backlund et al. 2000): Mostly woody with opposite, entire leaves, often with stipules and colleters. Flowers usually regular, pentamerous; endosperm formation nuclear. Indole alkaloids present.
Gentianales [Rubiales]BJ99
| i. s.: Dialypetalanthus [Dialypetalanthaceae]T00
| ApocynaceaeBJ99
|--+--LoganiaceaeSK02
| `--+--RubiaceaeSK02
| `--Gelsemiaceae [Gelsemieae]SK02
| |--Mostuea brunonisSB02
| |--Pteleocarpa [Pteleocarpaceae]APG16
| `--GelsemiumSK02
| |--G. elegansSK02
| `--G. sempervirensSB02
`--Gentianaceae (see below for synonymy)SK02
| i. s.: Schenkia australisKM08
| Voyria Aublet 1775SK02 [=VohiriaG39; Leiphaimeae, Voyrieae]
| | i. s.: V. acuminataBC02
| | V. aphylla (Jacq.) Pers. 1807L95 (see below for synonymy)
| | V. aurantiacaBC02
| | V. brevifloraG39
| | V. chioneaSK02
| | V. clavataBC02
| | V. corymbosaBC02
| | |--V. c. ssp. corymbosaBC02
| | `--V. c. ssp. albaBC02
| | V. flavescensBC02
| | V. kupperiBC02
| | V. obconicaBC02
| | V. parasitica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Ruytens & Maas 1981 (see below for synonymy)L95
| | V. pittieriBC02
| | V. primuloidesSK02
| | V. spathaceaG39
| | V. spruceanaBC02
| | V. tenuifloraBC02
| | V. truncataBC02
| |--V. sect. LitaG39
| | |--*V. caerulea Aublet 1775AS02
| | `--V. roseaG39
| `--V. (sect. Leiphaimos) tenella Hook. 1829G39, L95 (see below for synonymy)
| Pistillipollenites macgregoriiSK02
| Glyphospermum ornatum Don 1838G16
|--+--ExaceaeSK02
| `--+--ChironieaeSK02
| `--+--GentianeaeSK02
| |--HelieaeSK02
| `--PotalieaeSK02
| |--PotaliinaeSK02
| |--FaroinaeSK02
| `--LisianthiusSK02
`--SaccifolieaeSK02
| i. s.: Hockinia Gardner 1843SK02
| `--*H. montanaSK02
| Tapeinostemon Bentham 1854SK02 [incl. Stahelia Jonker 1948N02]
| |--*T. spenneroidesSK02 [=Stahelia spenneroidesN02]
| |--T. capitatumN02
| |--T. longiflorumSK02
| | |--T. l. var. longiflorumN02
| | `--T. l. var. australeN02
| |--T. ptarienseN02
| |--T. sessiliflorumSK02
| `--T. zamoranumSK02
|--+--*Saccifolium bandeiraeSK02
| `--Voyriella Miquel 1851SK02
| `--*V. parviflora [incl. V. oxycarpha]SK02
`--Curtia von Chamisso & von Schlechtendal 1826SK02
|--*C. gentianoidesSK02
|--C. confertaBC02
|--C. confusaN02
|--C. diffusaN02
|--C. malmeanaN02
|--C. obtusifoliaN02
|--C. patulaSK02
|--C. quadrifoliaN02
|--C. strictaN02
|--C. tenella [=C. tenuifolia ssp. tenella]N02
|--C. tenuifoliaSK02
`--C. verticillarisSK02
Gentianaceae [Chironiaceae, Coutoubeaceae, Gentianoideae, Obolariaceae, Potaliaceae, Saccifoliaceae, Saccifolioideae]SK02
Voyria aphylla (Jacq.) Pers. 1807L95 [=Gentiana aphylla Jacq. 1760L95, Leiphaimos aphylla (Jacq.) Gilg. in Engl. & Prantl 1895L95; incl. Voyria uniflora Lam. 1797L95, Vohiria unifloraG39]
Voyria parasitica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Ruytens & Maas 1981 [=Leiphaimos parasitica Cham. & Schlecht. 1831; incl. V. mexicana Griseb. 1838]L95
Voyria tenella Hook. 1829G39, L95 [=Leiphaimos tenella (Hook.) Miq. 1850L95; incl. L. portoricensis Britton 1925L95]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[AS02] Albert, V. A., & L. Struwe. 2002. Gentianaceae in context. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 1–20. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.
Backlund, M., B. Oxelman & B. Bremer. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on ndhF and rbcL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae. American Journal of Botany 87 (7): 1029–1043.
[BC02] Bouman, F., L. Cobb, N. Devente, V. Goethals, P. J. M. Maas & E. Smets. 2002. The seeds of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 498–572. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
[BJ99] Bremer, B., R. K. Jansen, B. Oxelman, M. Backlund, H. Lantz & K.-J. Kim. 1999. More characters or more taxa for a robust phylogeny—case study from the coffee family (Rubiaceae). Systematic Biology 48 (3): 413–435.
[G16] Gilg, E. 1916. Gentianaceae andinae. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54 (Beiblatt 118): 4–122.
[G39] Grisebach, A. H. R. 1839. Genera et Species Gentianearum adjectis observationibus quibusdam phytogeographicis. J. G. Cotta: Stuttgardt.
[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.
[L95] Liogier, H. A. 1995. Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: Spermatophyta-Dicotyledoneae vol. 4. Melastomataceae to Lentibulariaceae. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.
[N02] Nilsson, S. 2002. Gentianaceae: a review of palynology. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 377–497. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.
[SK02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.