Belongs within: Dinoflagellata.
Gyrodinium is a genus of unarmoured, usually fusiform or biconical dinoflagellates (Steidinger & Williams 1970).
Characters (Steidinger & Williams 1970): Unarmoured, most cells fusiform or biconical, others ovoid and flatted dorsoventrally or of varied form. Cingulum displaced one-fifth total length or greater, with or without overhang. Sulcus often invading epicone. Cells small (<20µm) to large (>100µm). Varied pigmentation and nutrition.
<==Gyrodinium Kofoid & Swezy 1921 (nom. cons. prop.) (see below for synonymy)FT93
|--*G. spirale (Bergh) Kofoid & Swezy 1921S80 (see below for synonymy)
|--G. apidiomorphum Norris 1961S73
|--G. arcticum Bursa 1961S73
|--G. ascendans Kofoid 1931S73
|--G. aureolum Hulburt 1957S73
|--G. biconicumGE87
|--G. bistellatum Conrad & Kufferath 1954S73
|--G. britannicumGE87
|--G. calyptoglypheGE87
|--G. caudatumSW70
|--G. chiasmonetrium Norris 1961S73
|--G. citrinum Kofoid 1931S73
|--G. crassum [=Gymnodinium crassum]S73
|--G. dominans Hulburt 1957S73
|--G. estuariale Hulburt 1957S73
|--G. falcatumSW70
|--G. ferrugineum Kofoid 1931S73
|--G. fissumSW70
|--G. flavescensGE87
|--G. flavum Kofoid 1931S73
|--‘Spirodinium’ fusus [=Gyrodinium fusus (Meunier) Deflandre 1947 (nom. inv.)]S73
|--G. glaebum Hulburt 1957S73
|--G. grenlandicum Braarud 1935S73
|--G. herbaceumGE87
|--G. hyalinumGE87
|--G. impudicumC-SC04
|--G. incertumGE87
|--G. instriatum Freudenthal & Lee 1963FT93
|--G. intortumGE87
|--G. kofoidii Norris 1961S73
|--G. lachrymaSW70
|--G. lebouriaeNMR-H99
|--G. louisae Conrad & Kufferath 1954S73
|--G. maculatumGE87
|--G. meloGE87
|--G. metum Hulburt 1957S73
|--‘Plectodinium’ mineatumT87 [incl. P. nucleovolvatum Biecheler 1934T87, S73]
|--G. ovoideumGE87
|--G. pascheri [incl. G. nivale]TP87
|--G. pavillardii Biecheler 1934S73
|--G. phorkorium Norris 1961S73
|--G. pingueSW70
|--G. postmaculatumGE87
|--G. resplendens Hulburt 1957S73
|--G. submarinumGE87
|--G. truncatumGE87
|--G. truncusGE87
|--G. uncatenatum Hulburt 1957S73
|--G. undulans Hulburt 1957S73
`--G. vorax Biecheler 1952FT93
Nomina invalida: Gyrodinium antarcticum Hasle 1969S73
G. californicum Bursa 1962 [=G. c. f. typicum Bursa 1962]S73
G. californicum f. diploconus Bursa 1962S73
G. californicum f. elongatum Bursa 1962S73
G. californicum f. parvulum Bursa 1962S73
G. californicum f. splendens Bursa 1962S73
G. glaciale Hada 1970 [=G. glacialis, G. glacilis]S73
G. glaciale var. microgranum Hada 1970S73
G. rubrum f. chianti Bursa 1962S73
Gyrodinium Kofoid & Swezy 1921 (nom. cons. prop.) [incl. Plectodinium Biecheler 1934, Spirodinium Schütt 1896 (nom. rej.) non Fiorentini 1890 (ICZN); Gyrodinida]FT93
*Gyrodinium spirale (Bergh) Kofoid & Swezy 1921S80 [=Gymnodinium spirale Bergh 1881S80, Pyrodinium (l. c.) spiraleS73, *Spirodinium spirale (Bergh) Schütt 1881S80]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[C-SC04] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E. Chao. 2004. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.). European Journal of Protistology 40: 185–212.
[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.
[GE87] Gaines, G., & M. Elbrächter. 1987. Heterotrophic nutrition. In: Taylor, F. J. R. (ed.) The Biology of Dinoflagellates pp. 224–268. Blackwell Scientific.
[NMR-H99] Norén, F., Ø. Moestrup & A.-S. Rehnstam-Holm. 1999. Parvilucifera infectans Norén et Moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae. European Journal of Protistology 35: 233–254.
[S80] Silva, P. C. 1980. Remarks on algal nomenclature VI. Taxon 29 (1): 121–145.
[S73] Sournia, A. 1973. Catalogue des espèces et taxons infraspécifiques de Dinoflagellés marins actuels publiés depuis la révision de J. Schiller. I. Dinoflagellés libres. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 48: 1–92.
[SW70] Steidinger, K. A., & J. Williams. 1970. Dinoflagellates. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 2: 1–251.
[T87] Taylor, F. J. R. 1987. Dinoflagellate morphology. In: Taylor, F. J. R. (ed.) The Biology of Dinoflagellates pp. 24–91. Blackwell Scientific.
[TP87] Taylor, F. J. R., & U. Pollingher. 1987. Ecology of dinoflagellates. In: Taylor, F. J. R. (ed.) The Biology of Dinoflagellates pp. 398–529. Blackwell Scientific.