Hippuritacea

Belongs within: Heterodonta.
Contains: Coalcomaninae.

The Hippuritacea, commonly known as rudists, were a group of highly derived bivalves found from the Upper Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous. Their overall form became tubular, coiled or conical, with one valve often attached to their substrate. Many species were colonial, forming significant reefs.

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Inequivalve bivalves, most commonly attached to substrate by either right or left valve, but in rare instances free; solitary or gregarious. Hinge with two teeth and one socket in free valve and two sockets and one tooth in attached valve, except in Diceras in which right valve invariably has two teeth and left valve only one. Two adductor muscles present, inserted directly on shell wall or on projecting myophores.

<==Hippuritacea [Hippuritoidea]
    |  i. s.: Eodiceras perversumS79
    |         Toucasia texanaS79
    |         TitanosarcolitesS79
    |--DiceratidaeSB93
    |    |--Diceras arietinum Lamarck 1805S79, SB93
    |    `--Valletia tombecki Munier Chalmas 1873SB93
    |--RequieniidaeSB93
    |    |--Requienia ammoniaS79
    |    |--Matheronia salevensis Joukowsky & Favre 1913SB93
    |    `--Apricardia sicoris Astre 1932SB93
    |--CaprotinidaeSB93
    |    |--PraecaprotinaJB12
    |    `--MonopleuraS79
    |         |--M. crimica Yanin 1975SB93
    |         |--M. marcidaS79
    |         |--M. moroi (Vidal 1877)SB93
    |         `--M. urgonensisS79
    |--HippuritidaeD-DP03
    |    |--BarrettiaS79
    |    |    |--B. moniliferaR22
    |    |    `--B. multilirataS79
    |    |--HippuritellaSB93
    |    |    |--H. castroi (Vidal 1878)SB93
    |    |    `--H. toucasiS79
    |    |--VaccinitesS79
    |    |    |--V. fontalbensis Philip 1983SB93
    |    |    |--V. giganteusS79
    |    |    `--V. gosaviensisS79
    |    `--Hippurites Lamarck 1801D-DP03
    |         |--H. bioculata Lamarck 1801D-DP03
    |         |--H. lapeirousei Goldfuss 1840D-DP03
    |         |--H. socialisS79
    |         `--H. turgidus Roland du Roquan 1841D-DP03
    |--RadiolitidaeD-DP03
    |    |--BiradiolitesS79
    |    |--PraeradiolitesSB93
    |    |--EoradiolitesS79
    |    |    |--E. davidsoniS02
    |    |    `--E. katzeriHS02
    |    |--SauvagesiaS79
    |    |    |--S. tellensisHS02
    |    |    `--S. texanaS02
    |    |--DuraniaJB12
    |    |    |--D. arnaudiHS02
    |    |    `--D. blayaciHS02
    |    `--Radiolites Lamarck 1801D-DP03
    |         |--*R. angeiodes [=Ostracites angeiodes]D-DP03
    |         |--R. abraensisS02
    |         |--R. costataS02
    |         `--R. sauvagesii [=Hippurites sauvagesii]D-DP03
    `--CaprinidaeS02
         |  i. s.: Ichthyosarcolites [incl. Caprinella; Ichthyosarcolitidae]S02
         |           `--I. anguis Roemer 1888 (n. d.) [=Caprinula anguis, Caprinuloidea anguis]S02
         |         SphaerucaprinaS02
         |           |--S. seafieldensis Chubb 1967S02
         |           `--S. whitei Boehm 1898 [=Caprinuloidea whitei, Mexicaprina whitei]S02
         |         CaprinuloideaS02
         |           |--C. felixi (Boehm 1898) [=Sphaerucaprina felixi]S02
         |           |--C. lenki (Boehm 1898) [=Sphaerucaprina lenki]S02
         |           |--C. multitubifera Palmer 1928S02
         |           `--C. perfecta Palmer 1928 (see below for synonymy)S02
         |         Planocaprina trapezoides Palmer 1928S02
         |         Jalpania queretana Alencáster & Aguilar-Pérez 1995S02
         |         GuzzyellaS02
         |           |--G. acuminata Alencáster 1998S02
         |           `--G. bisulcata Alencáster 1998S02
         |         Muelleriedia boesei Alencáster 1998S02
         |         *Caprinula boissyiS02
         |         Praecaprina varians Paquier 1905SB93
         |--CoalcomaninaeS02
         `--Caprina d’Orbigny 1822 [Caprininae]S02
              |--*C. adversaS02
              |--C. aguilloniS02
              |--C. choffatiHS02
              |--C. crassifibra Roemer 1849 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy)S02
              |--C. guadelupae Roemer 1849 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy)S02
              `--C. planata Conrad 1855 (n. d.) [=Caprinula planata, Caprinuloidea planata, Ichthyosarcolites planata]S02

Caprina crassifibra Roemer 1849 (n. d.) [=Caprinula crassifibra, Caprinuloidea crassifibra, Ichthyosarcolites crassifibra]^S02

Caprina guadelupae Roemer 1849 (n. d.) [=Caprinula guadelupae, Caprinuloidea guadelupae, Ichthyosarcolites guadelupae]^S02

Caprinuloidea perfecta Palmer 1928 [incl. C. bisulcata Palmer 1928, C. costata Palmer 1928, C. perfecta gracilis Palmer 1928, C. septata Palmer 1928]^S02

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[D-DP03] Durand-Delga, M., & J. Philip. 2003. Le rôle précurseur de Philippe Picot de Lapeyrouse, naturaliste toulousain du Siècle des lumières, dans la paléontologie des rudistes. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2: 181–196.

[HS02] Höfling, R., & R. W. Scott. 2002. Early and Mid-Cretaceous buildups. SEPM Special Publication 72: 521–548.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[R22] Runnegar, B. 2022. Following the logic behind biological interpretations of the Ediacaran biotas. Geological Magazine 159 (7): 1093–1117.

[S02] Scott, R. W. 2002. Albian caprinid rudists from Texas re-evaluated. Journal of Paleontology 76 (3): 408–423.

[S79] Skelton, P. W. 1979. Gregariousness and proto-cooperation in rudists (Bivalvia). In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 257–279. Academic Press: London.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.