Belongs within: Irregularia.
The Holasteroida are a diverse group of mostly deep-water irregular echinoids known from the Lower Jurassic to the present. They exhibit a wide variety of forms; the primarily bathyal Pourtalesiidae are among the most unusual of all echinoids, with a more or less elongate, bottle-shaped test (Wagner & Durham 1966).
Characters (from Wagner & Durham 1966b): Apical system typically elongate or disjunct, no genital 5; plastron feebly differentiated or meridosternous; petals not always differentiated, paired petals typically not impressed; no floscelle; apical system and peristome may be opposite to one another; fascioles variable.
<==Holasteroida |--Cardabia bullarensis Foster & Philip 1978SG93 |--Calymne Thomson 1877 [Calymnidae]WD66b | `--*C. relicta Thomson 1877WD66b |--Stenonaster Lambert 1922 [=Stenocorys Lambert & Thiéry 1917, Stenonia Desor 1858 non Gray 1853; Stenonasteridae]WD66b | |--*S. tuberculata (Defrance 1816) [=Anachytes tuberculata, *Stenocorys tuberculata, *Stenonia tuberculata]WD66b | |--S. douvillei Lambert 1928SG93 | `--S. morgani Gauthier 1902SG93 |--UrechinidaeWD66b | |--Chelonechinus Bather 1934WD66b | | `--*C. suvae Bather 1934WD66b | |--Pilematechinus Agassiz 1904WD66b | | `--*P. rathbuni (Agassiz 1898) [=Cystechinus rathbuni]WD66b | |--Plexechinus Agassiz 1896WD66b | | |--*P. cinctus Agassiz 1896WD66b | | `--P. planus Mironov 1978SS05 | |--Sanchezaster Lambert in Sánchez Roig 1924WD66b | | `--*S. habanensis Lambert in Sánchez Roig 1924WD66b | |--Sternopatagus de Maijere 1902WD66b | | `--*S. sibogae de Meijere 1902WD66b | `--Urechinus Agassiz 1879 [incl. Cystechinus Agassiz 1879]WD66b | |--*U. naresianus Agassiz 1879WD66b | `--‘*Cystechinus’ wyvillei Agassiz 1879WD66b |--PourtalesiidaeWD66b | |--Ceratophysa Pomel 1883 [=Rodocystis Lambert & Thiéry 1924]WD66b | | `--*C. ceratopyga (Agassiz 1879) [=*Rodocystis ceratopyga]WD66b | |--Cystocrepis Mortensen 1907WD66b | | `--*C. setigera (Agassiz 1898) [=Echinocrepis setigera]WD66b | |--Echinocrepis Agassiz 1879WD66b | | `--*E. cuneata Agassiz 1879WD66b | |--Echinosigra Mortensen 1907WD66b | | `--*E. phiale (Thomson 1873) [=Pourtalesia phiale]WD66b | |--Helgocystis Mortensen 1907WD66b | | `--*H. carinata (Agassiz 1879) [=Pourtalesia carinata]WD66b | |--Spatagocystis Agassiz 1879WD66b | | `--*S. challengeri Agassiz 1879WD66b | `--Pourtalesia Agassiz 1869 [incl. Phyale Pomel 1883 non Koch 1847, Phyalopsis Pomel 1883]WD66b | |--*P. miranda Agassiz 1869WD66b | |--P. jeffreysi Thomson 1873 [=*Phyale jeffreysi]WD66b | `--P. laguncula Agassiz 1879 [=*Phyalopsis laguncula]WD66b `--HolasteridaeWD66b |--Aurelianaster Lambert & Thiéry 1925 (see below for synonymy)WD66b | `--*A. valettei (Lambert in Vallette 1913) [=*Leiocorys valettei, *Vallettaster valettei]WD66b |--Basseaster Lambert 1936WD66b | `--*B. rostratus Lambert 1936WD66b |--Cardiaster Forbes 1850WD66b | `--C. granulosus (Goldfuss 1826) (see below for synonymy)WD66b |--Cardiotaxis Lambert 1917WD66b | `--*C. peroni (Lambert 1887) [=Cardiaster peroni]WD66b |--Cibaster Pomel 1883WD66b | `--*C. bourgeoisanus d’Orbigny 1853) [=Cardiaster bourgeoisanus]WD66b |--Duncaniaster Lambert 1896WD66b | `--*D. australiae (Duncan 1887) [=Holaster australiae]WD66b |--Entomaster Gauthier 1888WD66b | `--*E. rousseli Gautheir 1888WD66b |--Galeaster Seunes 1889WD66b | `--*G. bertrandi Seunes 1889WD66b |--Ganbirretia Gauthier 1903WD66b | `--*G. douvillei Gauthier 1903WD66b |--Garumnaster Lambert 1907WD66b | `--*G. michaleti Lambert 1907WD66b |--Guettaria Gauthier 1888WD66b | `--*G. angladei Gauthier 1888WD66b |--Hagenowia Duncan 1889 [=Hagenovia (l. c.), Martinosigra Nielson 1942]WD66b | `--*H. rostrata (Forbes 1889) [=Cardiaster rostratus, *Martinosigra rostrata]WD66b |--Hemipneustes Agassiz 1836WD66b | `--H. striatoradiatus (Leske 1778) (see below for synonymy)WD66b |--Infulaster Desor 1858WD66b | `--I. excentricus (Woodward 1833) (see below for synonymy)WD66b |--Ismidaster Boehm 1927WD66b | `--*I. toulai Boehm 1927WD66b |--Jeronia Seunes 1888WD66b | `--*J. pyrenaica Seunes 1888WD66b |--Labrotaxis Casey 1960WD66b | `--*L. cantianus (Casey 1960) [=Holaster (*Labrotaxis) cantianus]WD66b |--Lampadaster Cotteau 1889WD66b | `--*L. gradidieri Cotteau 1889WD66b |--Lampadocorys Pomel 1883WD66b | `--*L. sulcatus (Cotteau 1873) [=Holaster sulcatus]WD66b |--Messaoudia Lambert 1917WD66b | `--*M. pyriformis (Peron & Gauthier 1878) [=Holaster pyriformis]WD66b |--Offaster Desor 1858WD66b | `--*O. pilula (Lamarck 1816) [=Ananchytes pilula]WD66b |--Opisopneustes Gauthier 1889WD66b | `--*O. cossoni Gauthier 1889WD66b |--Paronaster Airaghi 1906WD66b | `--*P. cupuliformis Airaghi 1906WD66b |--Pseudholaster Pomel 1883WD66b | `--*P. bicarinatus (Agassiz 1847) [=Holaster bicarinatus]WD66b |--Pseudoffaster Lambert 1924WD66b | `--*P. caucasicus (Dru 1884) [=Holaster caucasicus]WD66b |--Rispolia Lambert 1917WD66b | `--*R. subtrigonata (Catullo 1827) [=Nucleolites subtrigonatus]WD66b |--Scagliaster Munier-Chalmas 1891WD66b | `--*S. concavus (Catullo 1827) [=Ananchytes concavus]WD66b |--Stereopneustes de Meijere 1902WD66b | `--*S. relictus de Meijere 1902WD66b |--Taphraster Pomel 1883WD66b | `--*T. campicheanus [=Holaster campicheanus]WD66b |--Tholaster Seunes 1890 [=Gibbaster Seunes 1889 non Gauthier 1887]WD66b | `--*T. munieri (Seunes 1889) [=*Gibbaster munieri]WD66b |--Titanaster Szörényi 1929WD66b | `--*T. labiostoma Szörényi 1929WD66b |--Zumoffenia Fourtau 1912WD66b | `--*Z. ludovici Fourtau 1912WD66b |--Pseudananchys Pomel 1883 [incl. Craginaster Lambert 1903]WD66b | |--*P. algiris (Coquand 1862) [=Ananchytes algiris]WD66b | `--‘Holaster’ completa Cragin 1893 [=*Craginaster completa]WD66b |--Sternotaxis Lambert 1893 [incl. Plesiocorys Pomel 1883]WD66b | |--*S. planus (Mantell 1822) [=Spatangus planus]WD66b | `--‘Holaster’ placenta Agassiz in Agassiz & Desor 1847 [=*Plesiocorys placenta]WD66b |--Toxopatagus Pomel 1883 [incl. Heteropneustes Pomel 1883]WD66b | |--*T. italicus (Manzoni 1878) [=Hemipneustes italicus]WD66b | `--‘*Heteropneustes’ deletrei Pomel 1883WD66b |--Stegaster Pomel 1883 [incl. Seunaster Lambert in Blayac 1912, Synochitis Lambert 1917]WD66b | |--*S. gillieroni (de Loriol 1873) [=Cardiaster gillieroni]WD66b | |--‘Holaster’ bouillei Cotteau in de Bouille 1873 [=*Seunaster bouillei]WD66b | `--S. cotteauiWD66b |--Echinocorys Leske 1778 (see below for synonymy)WD66b | |--*E. scutatus Leske 1778 (see below for synonymy)WD66b | |--‘Ananchites’ carinatus Risso 1826R26 | |--‘Anachytes’ corculum Goldfuss 1826 [=*Corculum corculum]WD66b | |--‘*Oolaster’ mattseensis Laube 1869WD66b | |--‘*Ananchytes’ ovatus Lamarck 1816WD66b | |--‘*Galeola’ papillosa Quenstedt 1874WD66b | |--‘Ananchites’ rotundatus Risso 1826R26 | `--‘Ananchites’ stella Risso 1826R26 `--Holaster Agassiz 1836 [incl. Ananchothuria Fossa-Mancini 1919, Holasteropsis Elbert 1902]WD66b |--*H. nodulosus (Goldfuss 1829) [=Spatangus nodulosus]WD66b |--H. cordatus Dubois 1836SG93 |--‘*Holasteropsis’ credneriana Elbert 1902WD66b |--H. grasanus d’Orbigny 1853SG93 |--H. planusK79 |--H. subglobosusK79 |--‘*Ananchothuria’ tesselata Fossa-Mancini 1919WD66b `--H. valanginensis Lambert 1917SG93 Holasteroida incertae sedis: Corechinus Kongiel 1936WD66b `--*C. pulaviensis Kongiel 1936WD66b Habanaster Lambert in Sánchez Roig 1924WD66b `--*H. sanchezi Lambert in Sánchez Roig 1924WD66b Menuthiaster Lambert 1896WD66b `--*M. cotteaui Lambert 1896WD66b Nordenskjoeldaster Lambert 1910WD66b `--*N. antarcticus Lambert 1910WD66b Physaster Pomel 1883 [incl. Inflataster Anthula 1899]WD66b `--*P. inflatus (d’Orbigny 1854) [=Echinospatagus inflatus]WD66b Turanglaster Solovyev & Melikov 1963WD66b `--*T. mazkii Solovyev & Melikov 1963WD66b Galeraster Cotteau 1890SG93, WD66a `--*G. australiae Cotteau 1890WD66a GiraliasterMM22 |--G. bellissae Foster & Philip 1978MM22 |--G. sulcatusMM22 `--G. tertiarusMM22
Aurelianaster Lambert & Thiéry 1925 [=Leiocorys Lambert in Vallette 1913, Vallettaster Lambert in Vallette 1924]WD66b
Cardiaster granulosus (Goldfuss 1826) [=Spatangus granulosus; incl. S. cordiformis Woodward 1853, *Cardiaster cordiformis]WD66b
Echinocorys Leske 1778 [=Echinocorytes Leske 1778, Galea Smith 1817 non Meuschen 1787, Spatagoides Bayle 1878; incl. Ananchites Lamarck 1801, Ananchytes Lamarck 1816, Corculum Goldfuss 1826, Galeola Quenstedt 1874, Oolaster Laube 1869]WD66b
*Echinocorys scutatus Leske 1778 [=*Echinocorytes scutatus, *Galea scutata, *Spatagoides scutatus; incl. E. vulgaris Breynius 1732 (pre-Linnean)]WD66b
Hemipneustes striatoradiatus (Leske 1778) [=Spatangus striatoradiatus; incl. S. radiatus Lamarck 1840, *Hemipneustes radiatus]WD66b
Infulaster excentricus (Woodward 1833) [=Spatangus excentricus; incl. Cardiaster hagenowi d’Orbigny 1853, *Infulaster hagenowi]WD66b
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[K79] Kauffman, E. G. 1979. Cretaceous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A418–A487. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[MM22] McNamara, K. J., & S. Martin. 2022. Middle Eocene echinoids from the western Eucla Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 37: 31–56.
[R26] Risso, A. 1826. Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l’Europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes vol. 5. F.-G. Levrault: Paris.
[SG93] Simms, M. J., A. S. Gale, P. Gilliland, E. P. F. Rose & G. D. Sevastopulo. 1993. Echinodermata. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 491–528. Chapman & Hall: London.
[SS05] Stockley, B., A. B. Smith, T. Littlewood, H. A. Lessios & J. A. Mackenzie-Dodds. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of spatangoid sea urchins (Echinoidea): taxon sampling density and congruence between morphological and molecular estimates. Zoologica Scripta 34: 447–468.
[WD66a] Wagner, C. D., & J. W. Durham. 1966a. Holectypoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U440–U450. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.
[WD66b] Wagner, C. D., & J. W. Durham. 1966b. Holasteroids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U523–U543. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.