Belongs within: Bryidae.
Contains: Trachylomataceae, Meteoriaceae, Sematophyllaceae, Cryphaeaceae, Pterobryaceae, Lembophyllaceae, Fontinalis, Neckeraceae, Thamnobryum, Pterigynandraceae, Entodontaceae, Plagiotheciaceae, Ctenidioideae, Calliergonaceae, Hypnum, Amblystegiaceae, Hylocomiaceae, Leskeaceae, Thuidiaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Leucodontaceae, Anomodontaceae.
The Hypnales are an enormous order of over 4,000 species, over half the pleurocarpous mosses. Members of the order are divided between a large number of families, but the boundaries between many of the families are poorly defined and still being revised. In particular, the previously recognised family Hypnaceae has been indicated by molecular analyses to be widely polyphyletic. Species of the genus Sanionia have a noteworthy distribution, being found in the Arctic and Antarctic but not in the intervening tropics. Other subgroups of the Hypnales include the Leptodontaceae, epiphytic mosses characterised by a distinctive branching pattern with clusters of branches alternating with unbranched intervals bearing inflorescences.
The Fontinalaceae are a group of aquatic, floating mosses that are adhered to the substrate only at their base (Dixon 1924).
Hypno-moss
Published 31 August 2015
Recent decades have seen a great deal of shifting around in the classification of mosses. As molecular data have become de rigeur in phylogenetic studies, a number of features previously used to distinguish higher groupings have proven to be more labile than previously appreciated. This has lead to a hunt to discern whether other features may be more reliable.
The Hypnales are one of the major moss groups: as currently recognised, about a third of mosses are Hypnales. They are a major subgroup of the clade of pleurocarpous mosses, i. e. those in which the reproductive sporophytes arise from the sides of gametophyte stems. In the past, the pleurocarpous mosses have been divided between three orders, the Hypnales, Hookeriales and Leucodontales, on the basis of features of branching habit and the peristome, the array of teeth surrounding the opening of the spore capsule. In the Hookeriales, the teeth of the endostome (the inner ring of the peristome) are connected by a high basal membrane, and molecular phylogenetic analyses have generally supported this order as monophyletic. The Leucodontales were defined by having reduced peristome teeth, and usually sympodial growth (as the primary shoot produces a side-branch, it ceases growing itself and the new branch becomes the new primary shoot). The Hypnales had well-developed peristome teeth, and their growth was generally monopodial (the primary shoot continues growing even after it produces side-branches). The distinction between these latter two orders also correlated with their choice of niches: Leucodontales were mostly epiphytes, whereas Hypnales mostly grew on the ground. However, molecular phylogenetic analyses have not supported the distinction between the Hypnales and Leucodontales, with features such as reduced peristome teeth apparently evolving multiple times with the united clade combining the two orders (Buck et al. 2000). As a result, recent authors have treated the Hypnales as including most members of both the prior orders Hypnales and Leucodontales. A smaller number of pleurocarpous mosses have been placed outside the clade including Hookeriales and Hypnales in the broad sense; there are now known as the Ptychomniales and Hypnodendrales. The broader Hypnales is less well defined morphologically, but its members tend to have differentiated alar cells (distinctly formed cells at the basal corners of the leaves) and smooth spore capsules (Huttunen et al. 2012).
This shuffling is not restricted to the higher levels, either. Relationships within the Hypnales remain poorly resolved; indications are that at some point this group went through a quite rapid diversification, resulting in a fairly high level of convergence between lineages and low support for molecular branches. Huttunen et al. (2012) found support for a large clade within the Hypnales including the majority of its Northern Hemisphere members, with a paraphyletic grade outside this containing mostly Southern Hemisphere taxa. Huttunen et al. suggested a Gondwanan origin for the Hypnales, with their diversification in the Northern Hemisphere (where the other pleurocarpous orders never made many inroads) related to the break-up of the Laurasian landmasses. Within the Northern Hemisphere clade, many previously recognised families appear to be polyphyletic; even the type genus of the order, Hypnum, contains species that seem to occupy widely separate places in the hypnalean family tree.
A good example of all this mess is the genus Echinodium, a small genus of six living species whose distinctive appearance lead to it being placed in a family all of its own. Echinodium species grow as fairly stiff plants with long leaves that taper to a narrow point and have thickened margins (the margins are two cell layers thick whereas the body of the leaf is only one cell thick). Echinodium mosses also have a very unusual distribution: two species are found in southeastern Australia and New Zealand, but the other four are restricted to the Macaronesian islands in the Atlantic (that is, the Canaries, the Azores and Madeira). When fossil Echinodium species were discovered in eastern Europe, it was suggested that the genus’ current distribution could be a relict of a previously much wider one. However, a molecular analysis of the genus by Stech et al. (2008) identified another explanation: not only were the Australasian and Macaronesian Echinodium species widely separated geographically, they were widely separated phylogenetically. The Australasian species were placed in the family Neckeraceae, whereas the Macaronesian species were related to mosses of the family Lembophyllaceae. What is more, the Macaronesian species did not form a single clade within the Lembophyllaceae: at least one of the species was placed separately from the rest. The supposedly distinctive ‘Echinodium‘ features, it seems, have evolved independently, possibly as an adaptation for wet habitats.
Systematics of Hypnales
Characters (from Smith 2004): Pleurocarpous. Very slender to robust plants. Primary stems usually creeping, secondary stems procumbent to erect, branching irregular to pinnate or dendroid. Paraphyllia and/or pseudoparaphyllia present or absent. Leaves spirally arranged or complanate, linear-lanceolate to more or less orbicular, apices rounded to longly acuminate; branch leaves similar to and smaller than stem leaves or differing in shape; costa long or short, single, double or absent; cells short to linear-vermicular, usually smooth, alar cells often differentiated. Setae long, smooth or papillose; capsules erect to horizontal, ovoid to cylindrical; lid convex to highly rostrate or subulate; peristome double, perfect or variously reduced, exostome teeth papillose, not furrowed, endostome with or without tall basal membrane, cilia present or absent; calyptrae naked. Chromosome number frequently x = 10 + m or 11.
<==Hypnales [Campyliaceae, Campylophylloideae] |--Climacium Weber & Mohr 1804SK02 [Climaciaceae, ClimaciineaeOZB-O03] | |--C. americanumVHJ03 | |--C. dendroides (Hedw.) Weber & Mohr 1804SK02 (see below for synonymy) | `--C. kindbergiiVHJ03 |--Fontinalaceae [Fontinalineae]OZB-O03 | |--FontinalisS04 | `--DichelymaOZB-O03 | |--D. capillaceum (Dicks.) Myrin 1833 [=Fontinalis capillacea, Neckera capillacea]OZB-O03 | `--D. falcatum (Hedw.) Myrin 1833OZB-O03 (see below for synonymy) |--NeckerineaeVH02 | |--NeckeraceaeSK02 | |--ThamnobryumOZB-O03 | |--Echinodium Jur. 1866SK02 [EchinodiaceaeOZB-O03] | | |--E. hispidum (Hooker & Wilson) Reichardt 1870 (see below for synonymy)SK02 | | |--E. prolixumOZB-O03 | | |--E. setigerumOZB-O03 | | `--E. umbrosum (Mitt.) Jaeger 1878 [incl. E. parvulum]SK02 | `--LeptodontaceaeSK02 | |--Leptodon Mohr 1803FHH01, SK02 | | |--L. longisetusFHH01 | | `--L. smithii Weber & Mohr 1803S04 [=Hypnum smithiiD24; incl. L. australisSK02] | `--Forsstroemia Lindb. 1863SK02 | |--F. producta (Hornsch.) Paris 1896 (see below for synonymy)SK02 | `--F. trichomitra (Hedw.) Lindb. 1863SK02 | |--F. t. ssp. trichomitraSK02 | `--F. t. ssp. australis (Müll.Hal.) Stark 1987 (see below for synonymy)SK02 `--Hypnineae [Drepanocladoideae, Helodiaceae, Hypnaceae, Hypnoideae, Leskeineae]OZB-O03 | i. s.: PterigynandraceaeOZB-O03 | EntodontaceaeOZB-O03 | PlagiotheciaceaeOZB-O03 | Homomallium (Schimp.) Loeske 1907S04 | `--H. incurvatum (Schrad. ex Brid.) Loeske 1907S04 (see below for synonymy) | Callicladium Crum 1971OZB-O03 | `--*C. haldanianum (Grev.) Crum 1971 [=Heterophyllium haldanianum, Hypnum haldanianum]OZB-O03 |--Conardia Rob. 1976VH02, S04 | `--C. compacta (Müll. Hal.) Rob. 1976S04 (see below for synonymy) `--+--+--+--Caribaeohypnum polypterumVH02 | | `--CtenidioideaeVH02 | `--+--Calliergonella Loeske 1911VH02, SK02 | | |--C. cuspidata (Hedw.) Loeske 1911SK02 (see below for synonymy) | | | |--C. c. var. cuspidataD24 | | | `--‘Hypnum cuspidatum’ var. caespitosum non H. caespitosumD24 | | `--C. lindbergii (Mitt.) Hedenäs 1990S04 (see below for synonymy) | `--Sanionia Loeske 1907VH02, SK02 (see below for synonymy) | |--S. georgico-uncinataVVZ11 | |--S. orthothecioides (Lindb.) Loeske 1907S04 | `--S. uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske in Nitardy 1907S04 (see below for synonymy) | |--S. u. ssp. uncinataD03 | `--‘Hypnum uncinatum’ ssp. symmetricum [=Amblystegium uncinatum var. symmetricum]D03 `--+--+--CalliergonaceaeVH02 | `--+--HypnumVH02 | `--+--‘Hygrohypnum’ montanumVH02 | `--Platydictya Berk. 1863VH02, S04 | `--P. jungermannioides (Brid.) Crum 1964S04 (see below for synonymy) `--+--+--AmblystegiaceaeVH02 | `--+--+--HylocomiaceaeVH02 | | `--+--LeskeaceaeVH02 | | `--ThuidiaceaeVH02 | `--+--Tomentypnum Loeske 1911VH02, S04 [=TomenthypnumOZB-O03] | | |--T. falcifoliumVH02 | | `--T. nitens (Hedw.) Loeske 1911S04 (see below for synonymy) | `--+--‘Hygrohypnum’ smithii (Sw.) Broth. 1908VH02, S04 (see below for synonymy) | `--Campylophyllum (Schimp.) Fleisch. 1914VH02, S04 | |--*C. halleri (Sw. ex Hedw.) Fleisch. 1914OZB-O03, S04 (see below for synonymy) | `--C. calcareum (Crundwell & Nyholm) Hedenäs 1997S04 (see below for synonymy) `--+--+--BrachytheciaceaeVH02 | `--Donrichardsia [Donrichardsiaceae]VH02 | `--D. macroneuronVH02 `--+--LeucodontineaeOZB-O03 | |--LeucodontaceaeS04 | `--AnomodontaceaeVH02 `--Pylaisioideae [Pylaisieae]S04 |--Platygyrium Schimp. 1851VH02, S04 | `--P. repens (Brid.) Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & Gümbel 1851S04 (see below for synonymy) `--Pylaisia Schimp. 1851 (nom. cons.)S04, C03 (see below for synonymy) |--P. frahmii (Buck) Ochyra in Ochyra, Żarnowiec & Bednarek-Ochyra 2003 (see below for synonymy)OZB-O03 |--P. kunisawae (Ando) Ochyra in Ochyra, Żarnowiec & Bednarek-Ochyra 2003 (see below for synonymy)OZB-O03 |--P. polyantha (Hedw.) Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & Gümbel 1851S04 (see below for synonymy) `--P. steerei (Ando & Higuchi) Ochyra in Ochyra, Żarnowiec & Bednarek-Ochyra 2003 (see below for synonymy)OZB-O03 Hypnales incertae sedis: TrachylomataceaeSK02 StereophyllaceaeSK02 |--Euglossophyllum (Müll.Hal.) Paris 1896SK02 `--Stereophyllum Mitt. 1859SK02 |--S. fuegianumD03 |--S. radiculosum (Hooker) Mitt. 1869 (see below for synonymy)SK02 |--S. tavoyense (Hooker) Jaeger 1879 [=Hypnum tavoyense Hooker 1836]SG07 `--S. wightii (Mitt.) Jaeger 1980 [=Hypnum wightii Mitt. 1859]SG07 MyriniaceaeSK02 |--Macgregorella Bartram 1939 non Seale 1909 (ICZN)SK02 | `--M. indica (Broth.) Buck 1980 [=Austinia brotheri, A. luzonensis (n. n.)]SK02 |--Helicodontium (Mitt.) Jaeger 1878SK02 | `--H. capillare (Hedw.) Jaeger 1878SK02 `--Myrinia Schimp. 1860S04 `--M. pulvinata (Wahlenb.) Schimp. 1860S04 [=Helicodontium pulvinatumS04, Leskea pulvinataD24] MeteoriaceaeSK02 Trachythecium Fleischer 1923SK02 `--T. verrucosum (Jaeger) Fleischer 1923 [=Ectropothecium verrucosum]SK02 Chaetomitrium Dozy & Molk. 1846 [Symphyodontaceae]SK02 |--C. aneitense Brotherus & Watts 1915BW15b |--C. densumB57 |--C. depressumB57 |--C. orthorrhynchumB57 | |--C. o. var. orthorrhynchumB57 | `--C. o. var. vitiense Bartram 1957B57 |--C. rugifoliumB57 |--C. smithii Bartram 1957 [=C. (Leiocarpus) smithii]B57 `--C. tahitense (Sull.) Mitt. 1873 (see below for synonymy)SK02 SematophyllaceaeSK02 MyuriaceaeSK02 |--Myurium Schimp. 1860SK02 | `--M. hochstetteri (Schimp.) Kindb. 1900S04 (see below for synonymy) `--Oedicladium Mitt. 1868SK02 `--O. rufescens (Reinw. & Hornsch.) Mitt. 1868 (see below for synonymy)SK02 |--O. r. ssp. rufescensSK02 `--‘Myurium’ r. ssp. purpuratum (Mitt.) Maschke 1976SK02 CryphaeaceaeSK02 PterobryaceaeSK02 Orthorrhynchium Reichardt 1868 [Orthorrhyngiaceae]SK02 |--O. cylindraceumBW15a `--O. elegans (Hooker & Wilson) Reichardt 1868 [=Phyllogonium elegans]SK02 |--O. e. ssp. elegansSK02 |--O. e. ssp. cymbifolioides (Müll.Hal.) Lin 1983 (see below for synonymy)SK02 `--O. e. ssp. nietneri (Müll.Hal.) Lin 1983SK02 Lepyrodon Hampe 1865 [Lepyrodontaceae]SK02 |--L. australis Hampe & Broth. 1906SK02 |--L. implexusD03 |--L. lagurus (Hooker) Mitt. 1869 (see below for synonymy)SK02 `--L. pseudolagurus Allen 1999SK02 LembophyllaceaeSK02 Sorapilla Spruce & Mitt. 1869 [Sorapillaceae]SK02 `--S. papuana Broth. & Geh. 1900SK02 SciaromiumD03 |--S. confluensD03 |--S. depastum Dusén 1903D03 `--S. gracile Dusén 1903D03 RigodiumD03 |--R. nano-fasciculatumD03 |--R. tamarixD03 `--R. toxarionD03 Mittenothamnium reptansJ87 Chrysohypnum diminutivumJ87 Hyocomium Schimp. in Bruch et al. 1853 [Hyocomioideae]S04 `--H. armoricum (Brid.) Wijk & Margad. 1961S04 [incl. Hyo. flagellareS04, Hypnum flagellareD24] Pictus Town. 1982S04 `--P. scoticus Towns. 1982S04 Nomina nuda: Hyocomium brachythecioides Broth. ex Burges 1935SK02 Pylaisia pseudohomomalla Jaeger 1879SK02 Rigodium carnosulum Dusén 1903D03 Rigodium pseudo-thuidium Dusén 1903D03
Calliergonella cuspidata (Hedw.) Loeske 1911SK02 [=Acrocladium cuspidatumSK02, Calliergon cuspidatumSK02, Hypnum cuspidatumD24, Stereodon cuspidatusOZB-O03; incl. Calliergon cuspidatum f. angustissimumOZB-O03, Calliergon cuspidatum f. brevifoliumOZB-O03, Hypnum flexile (nom. illeg.)SK02, Calliergon cuspidatum f. fluitansOZB-O03, Calliergon cuspidatum f. inundatumOZB-O03, Calliergon cuspidatum f. molleOZB-O03, Calliergon cuspidatum f. pungensOZB-O03, Hypnum cuspidatum var. pungens non H. aduncum var. pungensD24]
Calliergonella lindbergii (Mitt.) Hedenäs 1990S04 [=Hypnum lindbergii Mitt. 1864S04, OZB-O03, Drepanium lindbergiiOZB-O03, Stereodon lindbergiiD24; incl. Breidleria arcuataOZB-O03, Drepanium arcuatumOZB-O03, Hypnodendron spininervium var. arcuatum (nom. illeg.)SK02, Hypnum arcuatumOZB-O03, Racopilum arcuatumSK02, Stereodon arcuatusOZB-O03, Trachyloma arcuatumSK02, Hypnum arcuatum f. demissum non H. demissumOZB-O03, Hypnum patientiaeS04]
Campylophyllum calcareum (Crundwell & Nyholm) Hedenäs 1997S04 [=Campylium calcareum Crundwell & Nyholm 1962S04, OZB-O03, Campylidium calcareum (Crundwell & Nyholm) Ochyra in Ochyra, Żarnowiec & Bednarek-Ochyra 2003OZB-O03; incl. Campylium chrysophyllum f. subfalcatumOZB-O03, Campylium chrysophyllum f. tenellumOZB-O03, Campylium chrysophyllum f. uliginosumOZB-O03]
*Campylophyllum halleri (Sw. ex Hedw.) Fleisch. 1914OZB-O03, S04 [=Hypnum halleriS04, Campylium halleriS04, Chrysohypnum halleriOZB-O03]
Chaetomitrium tahitense (Sull.) Mitt. 1873 [incl. C. tahitense var. deplanchei (Besch.) Wijk & Margad. 1959, C. geheebii, C. nematosum]SK02
Climacium dendroides (Hedw.) Weber & Mohr 1804SK02 [=Hypnum dendroidesD24, Leskea dendroidesOZB-O03; incl. Climacium epigaeumD24, C. dendroides var. fluitansOZB-O03]
Conardia compacta (Müll. Hal.) Rob. 1976S04 [=Amblystegium compactumS04, Hypnum serpens var. compactumD24, Rhynchostegiella compactaS04]
Dichelyma falcatum (Hedw.) Myrin 1833OZB-O03 [=Fontanalis falcataOZB-O03, Histiomitrium falcatumOZB-O03, Neckera crispa var. falcataD24, OZB-O03]
Echinodium hispidum (Hooker & Wilson) Reichardt 1870 [=Hypnum hispidum, Leskea hispida, Sciaromium hispidum; incl. Echinodium arboreum, S. arboreum]SK02
Forsstroemia producta (Hornsch.) Paris 1896 [incl. Dusenia subproducta, F. subproducta (Müll.Hal.) Broth. 1905, Lasia subproducta (n. n.)]SK02
Forsstroemia trichomitra ssp. australis (Müll.Hal.) Stark 1987 [=Lasia australis, Dusenia australis, Forsstroemia australis (Müll.Hal.) Paris 1895; incl. Lasia australis var. stricta, F. australis var. stricta (Müll.Hal.) Paris 1895]SK02
Homomallium incurvatum (Schrad. ex Brid.) Loeske 1907S04 [=Amblystegium incurvatumOZB-O03, Drepanium incurvatumOZB-O03, Hypnum incurvatumS04, Stereodon incurvatusD24]
‘Hygrohypnum’ smithii (Sw.) Broth. 1908VH02, S04 [=Amblystegium smithiiD24; incl. Hyg. arcticumOZB-O03, Hypnum arcticumS04, Limnobium arcticumOZB-O03, Stereodon arcticusOZB-O03]
Lepyrodon lagurus (Hooker) Mitt. 1869 [=Leucodon lagurus, Hypnum lagurum Menzies ex Hooker 1819 (nom. inv.), Neckera lagura, Stereodon lagurus]SK02
Myurium hochstetteri (Schimp.) Kindb. 1900S04 [=Hypnum hochstetteriD24; incl. Leucodon lagurus var. borealisD24, Myurium hebridarumS04]
Oedicladium rufescens (Reinw. & Hornsch.) Mitt. 1868 [=Myurium rufescens (Reinw. & Hornsch.) Fleischer 1908]SK02
Orthorrhynchium elegans ssp. cymbifolioides (Müll.Hal.) Lin 1983 [=Acroceratium cymbifolioides (n. n.), Phyllogonium cymbifolioides; incl. Orthorrhynchium thorpeanum (n. n.)]SK02
Platydictya jungermannioides (Brid.) Crum 1964S04 [=Amblystegiella jungermannioidesS04, Amblystegium jungermannioidesS04; incl. Amblystegiella spruceiS04, Amblystegium spruceiOZB-O03, Leskea spruceiD24, Serpoleskea spruceiOZB-O03]
Platygyrium repens (Brid.) Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & Gümbel 1851S04 [=Anomodon repensOZB-O03, Cylindrothecium repensOZB-O03, Entodon repensOZB-O03, Isothecium repensOZB-O03, Leptohymenium repensOZB-O03, Neckera repensOZB-O03, Pterigynandrum repensOZB-O03, Pterogonium repensOZB-O03; incl. Platygyrium repens f. gemmicladumOZB-O03, Pl. repens f. orthocladosOZB-O03, Pl. repens f. rupestreOZB-O03]
Pylaisia Schimp. 1851 (nom. cons.)S04, C03 [=PilaisiaOZB-O03, PylaieaOZB-O03, PylaisaeaOZB-O03, Pylaisiella Grout 1896OZB-O03]
Pylaisia frahmii (Buck) Ochyra in Ochyra, Żarnowiec & Bednarek-Ochyra 2003 [=Pylaisiella frahmii Buck 1993]OZB-O03
Pylaisia kunisawae (Ando) Ochyra in Ochyra, Żarnowiec & Bednarek-Ochyra 2003 [=Pylaisiella kunisawae Ando 1979]OZB-O03
Pylaisia polyantha (Hedw.) Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & Gümbel 1851S04 [=Hypnum polyanthumOZB-O03, Isothecium polyanthumOZB-O03, Leskea polyanthaD24, Pyliaisella polyanthaS04, Stereodon polyanthosD24; incl. Pylaisia polyantha f. crispataOZB-O03, Pylaisia polyantha f. longicuspisOZB-O03]
Pylaisia steerei (Ando & Higuchi) Ochyra in Ochyra, Żarnowiec & Bednarek-Ochyra 2003 [=Pylaisiella steerei Ando & Higuchi 1987]OZB-O03
Sanionia Loeske 1907VH02, SK02 [incl. Drepanocladus Müll.Hal. 1898 non (Müll.Hal.) Roth 1899 (nom. cons.)OZB-O03]
Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske in Nitardy 1907S04 [=Hypnum uncinatumSK02, Amblystegium uncinatumSK02, Drepanocladus uncinatus (Hedw.) Warnst. 1903SK02, Stereodon uncinatusOZB-O03; incl. Amblystegium aduncumD24, Hypnum contiguum Hooker & Wilson 1959 (preoc.)SK02, Drepanocladus uncinatus var. fastigiatusOZB-O03, D. uncinatus f. gracilescens nec D. aduncus var. gracilescens nec D. revolvens f. gracilescens nec D. sendtneri f. gracilescensOZB-O03, D. uncinatus f. plumosusOZB-O03, Hypnum uncinatum var. plumosum non H. plumosumD24, H. uncinatum var. plumulosumOZB-O03, H. pseudouncinatumSK02]
Stereophyllum radiculosum (Hooker) Mitt. 1869 [incl. Euglossophyllum daemeli Müll.Hal. 1922 (n. n.), S. daemeli Fleischer 1922 (n. n.)]SK02
Tomentypnum nitens (Hedw.) Loeske 1911S04 [=Camptothecium nitensS04, Homalothecium nitensS04, Hypnum nitensD24, Stereodon nitensOZB-O03; incl. Hy. insigneOZB-O03, Tomentypnum nitens var. involutumOZB-O03, Camptothecium trichodesOZB-O03, Hypnum trichoidesD24]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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