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Belongs within: Opiliones.
Contains: Cladonychiidae, Metanonychus, Lomanella, Synthetonychia, Triaenonychidae.
The Insidiatores are a group of laniatorean harvestman in which the penis glans is expanded by muscle action. In the Northern Hemisphere Travunioidea, the expansive muscles tend to be restricted to the base of the truncus, often associated with a simplification of the glans. The mostly Southern Hemisphere Triaenonychoidea typically have a more complex glans with dorsolateral plates and a distinct process bearing setae (Derkarabetian et al. 2018).
<==InsidiatoresDL23
|--Travunioidea [Travunoidea]DL23
| |--Travuniidae [Travuniinae]DS18
| | |--Dinaria Roewer 1935KM07
| | | `--*D. vjetrenicae (Hadži 1932) [=Travunia vjetrenicae]KM07
| | |--Trojanella Karaman 2005DS18
| | | `--T. serbica Karaman 2005KMS14
| | |--Travunia Absolon 1920 [=Absolonia Roewer 1915 non Börner 1901, Abasola Strand 1928]KM07
| | | |--T. troglodytes (Roewer 1915)K15 (see below for synonymy)
| | | |--T. borisi (Hadži 1973)KMS14 [=Abasola borisiK07]
| | | |--T. hofferi (Šilhavý 1937)KMS14 [=Abasola hofferiKM07]
| | | `--T. jandai Kratochvíl 1937KMS14
| | `--Paralola Kratochvil 1951M18
| | `--*P. buresi Kratochvíl 1951M18
| `--+--+--Yuria Suzuki 1964DL23, KM07
| | | `--Y. pulcra Suzuki 1964KMS14
| | | |--Y. p. pulcraKMS14
| | | `--Y. p. briggsi Suzuki 1975KMS14
| | `--CladonychiidaeDL23
| `--+--CryptomastridaeDS18
| | |--Cryptomaster Briggs 1969UD05
| | | |--*C. leviathan Briggs 1969K03
| | | `--C. behemoth Starrett & Derkarabetian 2016DS18
| | `--Speleomaster Briggs 1974DS18
| | |--*S. lexi Briggs 1974K03
| | `--S. pecki Briggs 1974KMS14
| `--Paranonychidae (see below for synonymy)DS18
| |--Paranonychus Briggs 1971DS18, K03
| | |--*P. brunneus (Banks 1893)K03 [=Sclerobunus brunneusK03; incl. S. parvus Roewer 1931BH09]
| | |--P. concolor Briggs 1971KMS14
| | `--P. fuscus (Suzuki 1976) [=Mutsunonychus fuscus]DS18
| `--+--+--MetanonychusDS18
| | `--Sclerobunus Banks 1893DS18, K03 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--S. nondimorphicus groupDH14
| | | |--S. idahoensis Briggs 1971 [=S. robustus idahoensis]DH14
| | | `--S. nondimorphicus Briggs 1971DH14
| | `--+--S. cavicolens groupDH14
| | | |--S. cavicolens (Banks 1905) (see below for synonymy)DH14
| | | `--+--S. madhousensis (Briggs 1971) (see below for synonymy)DH14
| | | `--S. ungulatus (Briggs 1971) [=Cyptobunus ungulatus]DH14
| | `--S. robustus groupDH14
| | | i. s.: S. jemez Derkarabetian & Hedin 2014DH14
| | |--+--S. speoventus Derkarabetian & Hedin 2014DH14
| | | `--S. steinmanni Derkarabetian & Hedin 2014DH14
| | `--+--*S. robustus (Packard 1877) (see below for synonymy)DH14
| | `--+--S. skywalkeri Derkarabetian & Hedin 2014DH14
| | `--+--S. glorietus Briggs 1971 [=S. robustus glorietus]DH14
| | `--S. klomax Derkarabetian & Hedin 2014DH14
| `--+--+--Kaolinonychus Suzuki 1975DS18, S75
| | | `--*K. coreanus (Suzuki 1966) [=Peltonychia coreana]S75
| | | |--K. c. coreanusKMS14
| | | `--K. c. longipes (Suzuki 1966)KMS14 [=Peltonychia coreana longipesS75]
| | `--Metanippononychus Suzuki 1975DS18, S75
| | | i. s.: M. daisenensis Suzuki 1975S75
| | | M. iyanus Suzuki 1975S75
| | |--M. iriei Suzuki 1975DS18, S75
| | | |--M. i. irieiS75
| | | `--M. i. yakuensis Suzuki 1975S75
| | `--+--*M. tomishimai Suzuki 1975S75, DS18, S75
| | | |--M. t. tomishimaiS75
| | | `--M. t. awanus Suzuki 1975S75
| | `--Nippononychus Suzuki 1975DS18, S75
| | `--*N. japonicus (Miyoshi 1957)S75, KMS14 [=Peltonychia japonicaS75]
| `--+--Zuma Goodnight & Goodnight 1942DS18, K03
| | |--*Z. acuta Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 [=Z. acuba (l. c.)]K03
| | `--Z. tioga Briggs 1971KMS14
| `--+--Kainonychus Suzuki 1975DS18, S75
| | `--*K. akamai (Suzuki 1972) [=Peltonychia akamai]S75
| | |--K. a. akamaiKMS14
| | `--K. a. esoensis Suzuki 1975KMS14
| `--Izunonychus Suzuki 1975DS18, S75
| `--*I. ohruii Suzuki 1975S75
`--TriaenonychoideaDL23
|--+--LomanellidaeDB21
| | |--LomanellaBS20
| | `--Abaddon Dekarabetian & Baker in Derkarabetian, Baker et al. 2021DB21
| | `--*A. despoliator Derkarabetian in Derkarabetian, Baker et al. 2021DB21
| `--SynthetonychiaDB21
`--+--TriaenonychidaeDB21
`--Buemarinoidae [Buemarinoini]DB21
| i. s.: Buemarinoa Roewer 1956BS20, KM07
| `--*B. patrizii Roewer 1956KM07
|--Flavonuncia Lawrence 1959DB21, S92
| `--*F. pupilla Lawrence 1959S92
`--+--Fumontana Shear 1977DB21, KMS14
| `--*F. deprehendor Shear 1977 [=F. deprehensor (l. c.)]K03
`--Turonychus Derkarabetian, Prieto & Giribet in Derkarabetian, Baker et al. 2021DB21
`--*T. fadriquei Derkarabetian, Prieto & Giribet in Derkarabetian, Baker et al. 2021DB21
Paranonychidae [Kaolinonychinae, Nippononychidae, Nippononychinae, Paranonychinae, Paranychinae, Sclerobunidae, Sclerobuninae]DS18
Sclerobunus Banks 1893DS18, K03 [incl. Cyptobunus Banks 1905K03, Cryptobunus (l. c.) non Lawrence 1931K03]
Sclerobunus cavicolens (Banks 1905) [=*Cyptobunus cavicolus, Cyp. cavicolens, Cytobunus (l. c.) cavicolens]DH14
Sclerobunus madhousensis (Briggs 1971) [=Cyptobunus ungulatus madhousensis, Cryptobunus (l. c.) ungulatus madhousensis, Cytobunus (l. c.) ungulatus madhousensis]DH14
*Sclerobunus robustus (Packard 1877) [=Scotolemon robustum, Phalangodes robusta, P. robustus]DH14
Travunia troglodytes (Roewer 1915)K15 [=*Absolonia troglodytesKM07, *Abasola troglodytesKM07, Scotolemon anophthalmum Absolon 1916 (n. n.)KM07, *Travunia anophthalma Absolon 1920KM07]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BS20] Baker, C. M., K. Sheridan, S. Derkarabetian, A. Pérez-González, S. Vélez & G. Giribet. 2020. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the temperate Gondwanan family Triaenonychidae (Opiliones: Laniatores) reveals pre-Gondwanan regionalisation, common vicariance, and rare dispersal. Invertebrate Systematics 34: 637–660.
[BH09] Bragg, P. D., & R. G. Holmberg. 2009. The harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) of British Columbia. J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106: 29–37.
[DB21] Derkarabetian, S., C. M. Baker, M. Hedin, C. E. Prieto & G. Giribet. 2021. Phylogenomic re-evaluation of Triaenonychoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores), and systematics of Triaenonychidae, including new families, genera and species. Invertebrate Systematics 35: 133–157.
[DH14] Derkarabetian, S., & M. Hedin. 2014. Integrative taxonomy and species delimitation in harvestmen: a revision of the western North American genus Sclerobunus (Opiliones: Laniatores: Travunioidea). PLoS One 9 (8): e104982.
[DL23] Derkarabetian, S., A. Lord, K. Angier, E. Frigyik & G. Giribet. 2023. An Opiliones-specific ultraconserved element probe set with a near-complete family-level phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 187: 107887.
[DS18] Derkarabetian, S., J. Starrett, N. Tsurusaki, D. Ubick, S. Castillo & M. Hedin. 2018. A stable phylogenomic classification of Travunioidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores) based on sequence capture of ultraconserved elements. ZooKeys 760: 1–36.
[K03] Kury, A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, volumen especial monográfico 1: 1–337.
[K07] Kury, A. B. 2007. Travuniidae Absolon and Kratochvíl, 1932. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 237–239. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).
[KM07] Kury, A. B., & A. C. Mendes. 2007. Taxonomic status of the European genera of Travuniidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). Munis Entomology & Zoology 2 (1): 1–14.
[KMS14] Kury, A. B., A. C. Mendes & D. R. Souza. 2014. World checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 1: Laniatores—Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea. Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e4094.
[M18] Martens, J. 2018. A European discovery: Kalliste pavonum gen. nov., sp. nov., the smallest phalangiid species known to date (Arachnida: Opiliones: Phalangiidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 155–164.
[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.
[S75] Suzuki, S. 1975. The harvestmen of family Triaenonychidae in Japan and Korea (Travunoidea, Opiliones, Arachnida). Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1 (Zoology) 26: 65–101.
[UD05] Ubick, D., & J. A. Dunlop. 2005. On the placement of the Baltic amber harvestman Gonyleptes nemastomoides Koch & Berendt, 1854, with notes on the phylogeny of Cladonychiidae (Opiliones, Laniatores, Travunioidea). Mitteilungen Museum für Naturkunde, Geowissenschaftlichen Reihe 8: 75–82.