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Belongs within: Palpatores.
Contains: Ischyropsalis.
The Ischyropsalidoidea are a clade of harvestmen found in the Holarctic region, members of which have an unsegmented ovipositor in females, and a penis with a single muscle in males. Species of Ischyropsalis and Taracidae have conspicuously enlarged chelicerae, as long as or longer than the body (Schönhofer 2013).
<==Ischyropsalidoidea [Ischropsalidae, Ischyropsalidae, Ischyropsalidoidae]
| i. s.: Piankhi Dunlop, Bartel & Mitov 2012DBM12
| `--*P. steineri Dunlop, Bartel & Mitov 2012DBM12
|--+--IschyropsalididaeDL23
| | |--IschyropsalisS13
| | `--Ceratolasmatinae [Ceratolasmatidae]S13
| | |--Ceratolasma Goodnight & Goodnight 1942S13
| | | `--*C. tricantha Goodnight & Goodnight 1942S13
| | `--Acuclavella Shear 1986S13
| | |--*A. cosmetoides Shear 1986S13
| | |--A. merickeli Shear 1986S13
| | |--A. quattuor Shear 1986S13
| | `--A. shoshone Shear 1986S13
| `--+--+--Crosbycus Roewer 1914S13
| | | |--*C. dasycnemus (Crosby 1911) [=Nemastoma dasycnemum]S13
| | | |--C. pentelicus Roewer 1951 (n. d.)S13
| | | `--C. speluncarum Roewer 1951 (n. d.)S13
| | `--Hesperonemastoma Gruber 1970S13
| | |--*H. pallidimaculosum (Goodnight & Goodnight 1945)S13 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--H. kepharti (Crosby & Bishop 1924) [=Nemastoma kepharti]S13
| | |--H. modestum (Banks 1894) [=Nemastoma modesta, N. modestum]S13
| | |--H. packardi (Roewer 1914) (see below for synonymy)S13
| | `--H. smilax Shear 2010S13
| `--TaracidaeDL23
| |--Oskoron Shear in Shear & Warfel 2016SW16
| | |--*O. spinosus (Banks 1894)KM20 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--O. brevichelis Shear in Shear & Warfel 2016KM20
| | `--O. crawfordi Shear in Shear & Warfel 2016KM20
| `--Taracus Simon 1879S13
| |--*T. packardi Simon 1879 [incl. T. nigripes Goodnight & Goodnight 1943]SW16
| |--T. audisioae Shear in Shear & Warfel 2016KM20
| |--T. birsteini Lyovushkin 1972PS21
| |--T. carmanah Shear in Shear & Warfel 2016KM20
| |--T. fluvipileus Shear in Shear & Warfel 2016KM20
| |--T. gertschi Goodnight & Goodnight 1942S13
| |--T. marchingtoni Shear in Shear & Warfel 2016KM20
| |--T. pallipes Banks 1894S13
| |--T. silvestrii Roewer 1929S13
| |--T. spesavius Shear in Shear & Warfel 2016KM20
| |--T. taylori Shear in Shear & Warfel 2016KM20
| |--T. timpanogos Shear in Shear & Warfel 2016KM20
| `--T. ubicki Shear in Shear & Warfel 2016KM20
`--Sabacon Simon 1879S13 (see below for synonymy)
|--*S. paradoxus Simon 1879S13 [=Sa. ParadoxumS13, Scotolemon paradoxusD04]
|--S. akiyoshiensis Suzuki 1963 [=S. akiyoshiense]S13
|--S. altomontanus Martens 1983 [=S. altomontanum]S13
|--S. astoriensis Shear 1975S13
|--S. briggsi Shear 1975S13
|--S. bryantii (Banks 1898) (see below for synonymy)S13
|--S. cavicolens (Packard 1884) (see below for synonymy)S13
|--S. chomolongmae Martens 1972S13
|--S. claviger (Menge 1854) [=Nemastoma clavigerum; incl. S. bachofeni Roewer 1939]D06
|--S. crassipalpis (Koch 1879)S13 [=Nemastoma crassipalpeS13, *Parasabacon crassipalpisS13, Sabacon crassipalpeCL00]
|--S. crassipesS66
|--S. dentipalpis Suzuki 1949 [=S. dentipalpe]S13
|--S. dhaulagiri Martens 1972S13
|--S. distinctus Suzuki 1974 [=S. distinctum]S13
|--S. franzi Roewer 1953S13
|--S. gonggashan Tsurusaki & Song 1993S13
|--S. imamurai Suzuki 1964S13
|--S. iriei Suzuki 1974S13
|--S. ishizuchi Suzuki 1974S13
|--S. jiriensis Martens 1972S13
|--S. kangling Martens 2016SW16
|--S. makinoi Suzuki 1949S13
| |--S. m. makinoi [incl. S. habei Suzuki 1965]S13
| `--S. m. sugimotoi Suzuki & Tsurusaki 1983S13
|--S. martensi Tsurusaki & Song 1993S13
|--S. mitchelli Crosby & Bishop 1924S13
|--S. occidentalis (Banks 1894) [=Phlegmacera occidentalis]S13
|--S. okadai Suzuki 1941S13
|--S. palpogranulatus Martens 1972 [=S. palpogranulatum]S13
|--S. pasonianus Luque 1991 (see below for synonymy)S13
|--S. picosantrum Martens 1983S13
|--S. pygmaeus Miyosi 1942 [=S. pygmaeum]S13
|--S. relictus Marten 1972 [=S. relictum]S13
|--S. rossopacificus Martens 2015PS21
|--S. satoikioi Miyosi 1942S13
|--S. sergeidedicatus Martens 1989 [=S. sergeidedicatum]S13
|--S. sheari Cokendolpher 1984S13
|--S. simoni Dresco 1952S13
|--S. siskiyou Shear 1975S13
|--S. unicornis Martens 1972S13
`--S. viscayanus Simon 1881 [=S. viscayanum, S. viscayasanum, S. vizcayanus]S13
|--S. v. viscayanus [incl. S. inflatus Dresco 1955 (n. n.)]S13
`--S. v. ramblaianus Martens 1983 [=S. viscayanum ramblaianum]S13
Hesperonemastoma packardi (Roewer 1914) [=Nemastoma packardi, N. troglodytes Packard 1877 non Leiobunum troglodytes Wankel 1861]S13
*Hesperonemastoma pallidimaculosum (Goodnight & Goodnight 1945)S13 [=Nemastoma pallidimaculosaS13, N. pallidimaculosumS10]
*Oskoron spinosus (Banks 1894)KM20 [=Taracus spinosusKM20, T. spinosaS13; incl. T. malkini Goodnight & Goodnight 1945SW16]
Sabacon Simon 1879S13 [incl. Parasabacon Hansen & Sørensen 1904S23, Phlegmacera Packard 1884S13, Tomicomerus Pavesi 1899S13; SabaconidaeDL23]
Sabacon bryantii (Banks 1898) [=Phlegamacera bryantii, S. bryanti, *Tomicomerus bryantii, T. bryanti; incl. T. bispinosus Pavesi 1899]S13
Sabacon cavicolens (Packard 1884) [=*Phlegmacera cavicolens, P. cavicoleus (l. c.); incl. Nemastoma inops Packard 1884, Hesperonemastoma inops, Sabacon jonesi Goodnight & Goodnight 1942, S. spinosus Weed 1893]S13
Sabacon pasonianus Luque 1991 [=S. picosantrum pasonianum, S. picosantrum asonianum (l. c.), S. picosantrum asoniarum (l. c.)]S13
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[CL00] Chemeris, A. N., & D. V. Logunov. 2000. Notes on two species of Sabacon Simon, 1879 from the mountains of South Siberia (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sabaconidae). Arthropoda Selecta 9 (3): 207–213.
[D04] Delfosse, E. 2004. Catalogue préliminaire des Opilions de France métropolitaine (Arachnida Opiliones). Bulletin de Phyllie 20: 34–58.
[DL23] Derkarabetian, S., A. Lord, K. Angier, E. Frigyik & G. Giribet. 2023. An Opiliones-specific ultraconserved element probe set with a near-complete family-level phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 187: 107887.
[D06] Dunlop, J. A. 2006. Baltic amber harvestman types (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi and Dyspnoi). Fossil Record 9 (2): 167–182.
[DBM12] Dunlop, J. A., C. Bartel & P. G. Mitov. 2012. An enigmatic spiny harvestman from Baltic amber. Fossil Record 15 (2): 91–101.
[KM20] Kury, A. B., A. C. Mendes, L. Cardoso, M. S. Kury & A. A. Granado. 2020. WCO-Lite: Online world catalogue of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Version 1.0—Checklist of all valid nomina in Opiliones with authors and dates of publication up to 2018. Published by the author: Rio de Janeiro.
[PS21] Prokopenko, E. V., & M. E. Sergeev. 2021. Harvestmen (Opiliones) of the Sikhote-Alin and the Far Eastern Marine Biosphere Reserves, Russia. Euroasian Entomological Journal 20 (3): 148–153.
[S13] Schönhofer, A. L. 2013. A taxonomic catalogue of the Dyspnoi Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 (Arachnida: Opiliones). Zootaxa 3679 (1): 1–68.
[S10] Shear, W. A. 2010. Hesperonemastoma smilax, n. sp., a remarkable new harvestman from a cave in West Virginia, with comments on other reported cave-dwelling Hesperonemastoma species (Opiliones, Ischyropsalidoidea, Sabaconidae). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 72 (2): 105–110.
[SW16] Shear, W. A., & J. G. Warfel. 2016. The harvestman genus Taracus Simon 1879, and the new genus Oskoron (Opiliones: Ischyropsalidoidea: Taracidae). Zootaxa 4180 (1): 1–71.
[S66] Suzuki, S. 1966. Four remarkable phalangids from Korea. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 39 (2): 95–106.