Kinosternidae

Belongs within: Centrocryptodira.

The Kinosternidae of North and South America include the musk turtles, so called because of their production of a foul-smelling substance from glands under the tail when disturbed.

Synapomorphies (from Gaffney & Meylan 1988): Ten pairs of peripherals; abdominal scales absent; no ribs connecting ninth and tenth vertebrae to eight costal; frontal not reaching orbit; maxilla contacting quadratojugal; ilio-ischial notch in acetabulum; incised anterior musk duct.

<==Kinosternidae
    |--StaurotypinaeGM88
    |    |--Claudius angustatus Cope 1865GM88, JPG04
    |    `--StaurotypusJPG04
    |         |--S. salvinii Gray 1864JPG04
    |         `--S. triporcatus (Wiegmann 1828) [=Terrapene triporcata]JPG04
    `--KinosternonGM88
         |--K. acutum Gray 1831JPG04
         |--K. alamosae Berry & Legler 1980JPG04
         |--K. angustipons Legler 1965JPG04
         |--K. arizonense Gilmore 1922JPG04
         |--K. baurii (Garman 1891)JPG04
         |--K. chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel & Iverson 1997JPG04
         |--K. creaseri Hartweg 1934JPG04
         |--K. dunni Schmidt 1947JPG04
         |--K. durangoense Iverson 1992JPG04
         |--K. flavescens (Agassiz 1857)JPG04
         |--K. herrerai Stejneger 1925JPG04
         |--K. hirtipes (Wagler 1830)JPG04
         |--K. integrum Le Conte 1854JPG04
         |--K. leucostomum (Duméril & Bibron 1851)JPG04
         |--K. oaxacae Berry & Iverson 1980JPG04
         |--‘Cinosternum’ odoratumW06
         |--K. scorpioides (Linnaeus 1766) [=Testudo scorpioides]JPG04
         |--K. sonoriense Le Conte 1854JPG04
         `--K. subrubrum (Bonnaterre 1789)JPG04
              |--K. s. subrubrumWA98
              |--K. s. hippocrepisWA98
              `--K. s. steindachneriWA98
Kinosternidae incertae sedis:
  SternotherusWA98
    |--S. odoratus (Latreille 1801)WA98, JPG04
    `--+--S. minor (Agassiz 1857)WA98, JPG04
       |    |--S. m. minorWA98
       |    `--S. m. peltiferWA98
       `--+--S. carinatus (Gray 1855)WA98, JPG04
          `--S. depressus Tinkle & Webb 1955WA98, JPG04
  Xenochelys Hay 1906H96
    `--X. formosa Hay 1906H96
  Baltemys staurogastros Hutchison 1991B93

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[B93] Benton, M. J. 1993. Reptilia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 681–715. Chapman & Hall: London.

[GM88] Gaffney, E. S., & P. A. Meylan. 1988. A phylogeny of turtles. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 1. Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds pp. 157–219. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[H96] Hutchison, J. H. 1996. Testudines. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 337–353. Cambridge University Press.

[JPG04] Joyce, W. G., J. F. Parham & J. A. Gauthier. 2004. Developing a protocol for the conversion of rank-based taxon names to phylogenetically defined clade names, as exemplified by turtles. Journal of Paleontology 78 (5): 989–1013.

[WA98] Walker, D., & J. C. Avise. 1998. Principles of phylogeography as illustrated by freshwater and terrestrial turtles in the southeastern United States. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 23–58.

[W06] Werner, F. 1906. Die nördlichsten Reptilien und Batrachier. In: Römer, F., & F. Schaudinn (eds) Fauna Arctica. Eine Zusammenstellun der arktischen Tierformen, mit besonder Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 vol. 4 pp. 527–544. Gustav Fischer: Jena.