Lamiaceae

Belongs within: Lamiales.
Contains: Satureja, Thymus, Stachys, Prostanthera, Monardella, Coleus, Scutellaria, Nepeta, Elsholtzieae, Ocimeae, Mentha, Salvia, Trichostema, Teucrium, Vitex, Ajuga, Dicrastylis.

The Lamiaceae are a family of flowering plants found worldwide, referred to in older publications as the ‘Labiatae’ in reference to the development of an upper and lower lip on the corolla (though the upper lip may be very small). Most species are herbs or shrubs though a few trees are also included in the family (such as the commercially significant Tectona grandis, teak). Members of the Symphorematoideae are woody climbers, as are some Ajugoideae (Harley et al. 2004). Arborescent members of the family were previously included in the Verbenaceae, but the two families differ in ovule position: Lamiaceae have ovules on the inner face of the carpel wall, while Verbenaceae proper have ovules attached to the carpel margin (Harley et al. 2004). Many Lamiaceae have leaves with glands producing resinous oils, and as a result many species of the family are used as herbs, such as species of Mentha (mint), Lavandula (lavender), Salvia (sage), Rosmarinus (rosemary), Thymus (thyme) and Ocimum (basil).

Subfamilies of Lamiaceae can be separated by characters of the flowers and fruits. The style is gynobasic in Nepetoideae and Lamioideae, but usually terminal or subterminal in other subfamilies. Nepetoideae have hexacolpate, trinucleate pollen and exalbuminous seeds whereas Lamioideae have tricolpate, binucleate pollen and albuminous seeds. Members of the Ajugoideae usually have actinomorphic to unilabiate corollas in contrast to the bilabiate corollas of most other Lamiaceae. The Scutellarioideae have zygomorphic, usually two-lipped corollas and schizocarpic fruits with the pericarp usually bearing tubercles or hair-like structures. Chloanthoideae bear actinomorphic flowers and albuminous seeds.

Characters (Harley et al. 2004): Trees, shrubs, subshrubs or perennial or annual herbs, rarely climbers, aromatic or not. Roots rarely tuberous. Stems often quadrangular, erect to prostrate, sometimes forming stolons or large or slender rhizomes. Indumentum usually present, of glandular and non-glandular trichomes, often hair-like, rarely scale-like, usually multicellular-uniseriate, simple, branched, dendroid or stellate, sometimes gland-tipped, large-headed subsessile glands rarely absent. Leaves opposite, often decussate, sometimes whorled, very rarely alternate, simple, entire, toothed or lobed, sometimes compound and then digitate or pinnate, petiolate or sessile, rarely forming a basal rosette, estipulate. Inflorescence often bracteate, bracts sometimes conspicuous, persistent or deciduous, rarely spirally arranged, composed of cymes, bracteolate or not, and often arranged in a terminal, lax or congested, indeterminate thyrse which may be paniculate, raceme-like with cymes often 1-flowered, or spike-like, or rarely congested into a capitulum, with or without a distinct involucre of bracteoles. Flowers hypogynous, usually bisexual, or less often unisexual due to gynodioecy or gynomonoecy, very rarely due to dioecy. Perianth biseriate, sepals 4–5(–9), connate, actinomorphic to zygomorphic, sometimes 2-lipped, lobes 2–many, often 5, equal or unequal, rarely obsolete, some lobes often fused, or lips entire, calyx-tube (5–)10–15-nerved, straight or curved, throat hairy or glabrous, calyx often accrescent, rarely inflated or fleshy in fruit. Petals (4–)5(–6) connate, actinomorphic to more often slightly to strongly zygomorphic, often 2-lipped, rarely 1-lipped, lobes (2–)4–5(–16), equal or unequal, porrect to patent, one or other lip often concave to galeate, corolla-tube short to elongate, rarely spurred, often with annulus of hairs or appendaged within, rarely corolla resupinate. Stamens attached within corolla-tube, usually 4 or 2 by abortion and then staminodes often present, or stamens 5–8(–16), when 4 often didynamous (rarely a fifth, posterior vestigial staminode present), free or rarely monodelphic, filaments short or often elongate, usually exserted from corolla-tube and sometimes long-exserted from corolla; parallel, divergent or ascending and sometimes included within or lying under posterior corolla-lip, or declinate and then sometimes included within anterior corolla-lip, anthers usually dithecous, tetrasporangiate or monothecous by abortion, thecae parallel or divergent, occasionally widely separated by an elongate connective, or apically confluent or synthecous, opening by longitudinal slits or rarely by pores. Disc at base of ovary often present, usually fleshy, entire or irregularly or often 4-lobed, anterior lobe sometimes longer than others, nectariferous. Gynoecium 2-carpellate, often 4-locular by intrusion of carpel wall forming “false septum”, or rarely imperfectly 2-locular and free towards apex, ovary usually 4-ovuled, 2-locular ovaries generally with loculi 2-ovuled and 4-locular ovaries with l ovule per loculus, ovary entire or lobed, with terminal style, or more often deeply 4-lobed, the loculi often separated and with style gynobasic, style usually with 2 equal or unequal stigma-lobes, rarely entire with 1 stigma-lobe vestigial, or stigma capitate or very rarely 4-lobed. Ovules anatropous to hemianatropous, usually basal or sub-basal, erect, rarely orthotropous, apical, pendulous, borne laterally or submarginally on the placenta, unitegmic, tenuinucellate. Fruit drupaceous, often with pyrenes, or dry, indehiscent, or separating into two 2-seeded or frequently, four 1-seeded mericarps, sometimes fewer by abortion. Mericarps (nutlets) often with sculptured, tuberculate, hairy or rarely winged pericarp, mucilage cells often present. Seeds albuminous or exalbuminous, epigeal. Embryo straight or bent, investing or spatulate.

<==Lamiaceae [Labiatae]
    |--PogostemonLK14 [Pogostemoneae, PogostemonoideaeT00]
    |    |--P. benghalensisBB07
    |    |--P. purpurascensM72
    |    `--P. stellatusLK14
    |--SymphorematoideaeT00
    |    |--SphenodesmeT00
    |    |--SymphoremaT00
    |    `--Congea Roxb. 1820T00, L95
    |         `--C. tomentosa Roxb. 1820L95
    |--ScutellarioideaeT00
    |    |--RenschiaT00
    |    |--TinneaT00
    |    |--ScutellariaA61
    |    `--Holmskioldia Retz. 1791T00, L95
    |         `--H. sanguinea Retz. 1791L95
    |--LamiumCD07 [LamioideaeT00]
    |    |--*L. amplexicauleP01
    |    |    |--L. a. var. amplexicauleBR65
    |    |    `--L. a. var. clandestinumBR65
    |    |--L. albumH59
    |    |--L. bifidumY98
    |    |--L. maculatumC55b
    |    |--L. moschatumPT98
    |    |--L. nepalenseO88
    |    |--L. purpureum Linnaeus 1753CD07
    |    `--L. tuberosumO88
    |--Nepetoideae [Ocimoideae]HPR03
    |    |  i. s.: NepetaHPR03
    |    |--ElsholtzieaeHPR03
    |    |--OcimeaeHPR03
    |    `--MentheaeM99
    |         |--MenthaBR65
    |         |--SalviaM99
    |         `--OriganumM99
    |              |--O. dictamnusH93
    |              |--O. majoranaH93
    |              |--O. onitesPT98
    |              `--O. vulgareM99
    |--Ajugoideae [Caryopteridoideae, Monochileae, Teucrioideae, Viticoideae]T00
    |    |--TetracleaT00
    |    |--TrichostemaT00
    |    |--WenchengiaT00
    |    |--TeucriumM99
    |    |--VitexA61
    |    |--Petraea volubilisPWP96
    |    |--Faradaya splendidaPWP96
    |    |--Glossocarya hemidermaPWP96
    |    |--AjugaA61
    |    |--Spartothamnella Briquet 1894T00, BR65
    |    |    |--S. junceaPWP96
    |    |    `--S. teucriiflora (Mueller) Moldenke 1940BR65
    |    |--Discretitheca nepalensis (Moldenke) Cantino 1999 [=Caryopteris nepalensis Moldenke 1959]K07
    |    |    |--D. n. var. nepalensisK07
    |    |    `--D. n. var. parvifolia (Moldenke) Kumar 2007 [=Caryopteris nepalensis var. pavifolia Moldenke 1973]K07
    |    |--PseudocaryopterisK07
    |    |    |--P. bicolor (Roxburgh) Cantino 1999 (see below for synonymy)K07
    |    |    |--P. foetida (Don) Cantino 1999 (see below for synonymy)K07
    |    |    `--P. paniculata (Clarke) Cantino 1999 [=Caryopteris paniculata Clarke in Hooker 1885]K07
    |    `--PremnaPWP96
    |         |--P. acuminataLK14
    |         |--P. divaricataC55b
    |         |--P. flavescensP03
    |         |--P. herbaceaLK14
    |         |--P. lignum-vitaePWP96
    |         `--P. tomentosaKr72
    `--Chloanthoideae [Chloanthaceae]T00
         |--Cyanostegia lanceolataK90, G04b
         |--DicrastylisK90
         |--Lachostachys eriobotryaK90
         |--Newcastelia chrysophyllaK90
         |--Tectona L. f. 1782 (nom. cons.)T00, L95 [Tectoneae]
         |    `--T. grandis L. f. 1781L95
         |--PhysopsisKM08
         |    |--P. chrysophyllaKM08
         |    `--P. viscidaG04a
         |--ChloanthesOS04
         |    |--C. coccineaOS04
         |    |--C. parvifloraPWP96
         |    `--C. stoechadisH87
         |--WestringiaM99
         |    |--W. cephalanthaG04b
         |    |--W. dampieri Brown 1810 [incl. W. grevillina Mueller 1855]BR65
         |    |--W. eremicola [incl. W. angustifolia Black 1926 (preoc.)]BR65
         |    |--W. fruticosaMM09
         |    |--W. longifoliaB96
         |    |--W. rigida Brown 1810 [incl. W. cinerea]BR65
         |    `--W. rosmarinifoliaH87
         `--PityrodiaK90
              |--P. atriplicinaK90
              |--P. glabraK90
              |--P. hemigenioidesK90
              |--P. loxocarpaKM08
              |--P. oldfieldiiK90
              |--P. panniculataK90
              `--P. ternifoliaLK14

Labiatae incertae sedis:
  OrthosiphonP03
    |--O. aristatus [incl. O. stamineus]P88
    |--O. (sect. Exserti group Vulgares) engleri Perkins 1917P17
    |--O. glabratus [=O. tomentosus var. glabratus]VS73
    |--O. linearisP17
    `--O. rubicundusP03
  Perilla frutescensPT01
    |--P. f. var. frutescensPT01
    `--P. f. var. crispaPT01
  IbozaYY22
  Colebrookia oppositifoliaYY22, HU08
  SaturejaDH98
  ThymusC06
  Colquhounia coccineaO88
  DracocephalumO88
    |--D. austriacumH09
    |--D. heterophyllumO88
    |--D. ruyschianaC55a
    |--D. tanguticumO88
    `--D. wallichiiO88
  Eriophyton wallichiiO88
  GaleopsisC06
    |--G. bifidaV09
    |--G. ladanumC55b
    |--G. pubescensD51
    |--G. segetumV09
    |--G. speciosaD51
    `--G. tetrahitC06
  GlechomaO88
    |--G. decoloransO88
    |--G. hederaceaA81
    |--G. nivalisO88
    `--G. pharicaO88
  MicromeriaO88
    |--M. bifloraO88
    |    |--M. b. var. bifloraO88
    |    `--M. b. var. hispidaO88
    `--M. lepidaMP05
  PhlomisO88
    |--P. bracteosaO88
    |--P. lychnitisC74
    |--P. macrophyllaO88
    |--P. pungensB14
    |--P. rotataO88
    |--P. setigeraO88
    |--P. tibeticaO88
    `--P. tuberosaMN02
  Rabdosia pharicaO88
  StachysBR65
  Rosmarinus L. 1753L95
    `--R. officinalis L. 1753L95
  BallotaGR98
    |--B. acetabulosaPT98
    |--B. acuta [incl. B. cinerea]D17
    |    |--B. a. var. acutaD17
    |    |--B. a. var. bullataD17
    |    |--B. a. var. hispidaD17
    |    `--B. a. var. saharica Diels 1917D17
    |--B. crispaD17
    |--B. deserti (Noë) Jury, Rejdali & Griffiths in Greuter & Raus 1998 (see below for synonymy)GR98
    `--B. nigraC55b
  Coridothymus capitatusPT98
  Marrubium vulgareBR65
  Prasium majusPT98
  SideritisPT98
    |--S. curvidensPT98
    |--S. lotsyiMP05
    `--S. montana Linn. 1753Ka72
  Lachnostachys coolgardiensisG04a
  ProstantheraBR65
  HemigeniaOS04
    |--H. humilisOS04
    |--H. incanaOS04
    |--H. purpureaH87
    |--H. teretiusculaG04b
    `--H. westringioidesG04b
  MicrocorysOS04
    |--M. lenticularisOS04
    `--M. obovataG04b
  HemiandraOS04
    |--H. linearisOS04
    |--H. macranthaK90
    `--H. pungensN36
  PrunellaBR65
    |--P. laciniataH91
    `--P. vulgaris [=Brunella vulgaris]BR65
         |--P. v. var. vulgaris [incl. P. vulgaris var. parviflora]H93
         `--P. v. var. lanceolata [incl. P. vulgaris var. atropurpurea]H93
  LycopusBR65
    |--L. americanusH93
    |--L. asperH93
    |--L. australisBR65
    |--L. europaeusLDB98
    `--L. uniflorusH93
  Melissa officinalisBR65
  HemizygiaK02
    |--H. floccosaCV06
    `--H. foliosaK02
  Acrotome fleckiiCV06
  Aeollanthus namibiensisCV06
  Tetradenia kaokoensisCV06
  LeucasSR07
    |--L. asperaDP72
    |--L. cephalotesSS72
    |--L. chinensisSR07
    |--L. lanataSS72
    |--L. lavandulifoliaR44
    |--L. linifoliaM72
    |--L. martinicensisC55b
    |--L. mollisimaP03
    `--L. urticaefoliaPP07
  Dysophylla auriculariaBB07
  Gomphostemma parvifloraBB07
  CalaminthaH91
    |--C. clinopodium [incl. Clinopodium vulgare]C55b
    |--C. nepetaH91
    |--C. sylvaticaH91
    `--C. umbrosaSS72
  AnisomelesLK14
    |--A. indicaP03
    |--A. malabaricaLK14
    |--A. ovataM94
    `--A. salvifoliaC16
  Perovskia abrotanoides [incl. P. artemisioides]YS10
  Basilicum polystachyon (Linn.) Moench. 1802 (see below for synonymy)SY72
  Cedronella triphyllaC06
  Leonotis Brown 1810L95
    `--L. nepetifolia (L.) Br. 1810 [=Phlomis nepetifolia L. 1753]L95
  AcanthominthaH93
    |--A. duttonii [=A. obovata var. duttonii]H93
    |--A. ilicifoliaH93
    |--A. lanceolataH93
    `--A. obovataH93
         |--A. o. ssp. obovataH93
         `--A. o. ssp. cordataH93
  AgastacheH93
    |--A. parvifolia [=A. urticifolia ssp. parvifolia]H93
    `--A. urticifolia [incl. A. glaucifolia]H93
  HedeomaH93
    |--H. costatumM69
    |--H. drummondiiH93
    |--H. hirtaJ23
    |--H. martirense Moran 1969M69
    |--H. nanumH93
    |    |--H. n. var. nanumH93
    |    `--H. n. var. californicumH93
    |--H. quercetorumM69
    `--H. tenuiflorumM69
  LepechiniaH93
    |--L. calycinaH93
    |--L. cardiophyllaH93
    |--L. fragransH93
    `--L. ganderiH93
  Moluccella laevisH93
  MonardaH93
    |--M. didymaI92
    |--M. menthaefoliaBT72
    |--M. mollisS00
    `--M. pectinataH93
  MonardellaH93
  PogogyneH93
    |--P. abramsiiH93
    |--P. clareanaH93
    |--P. douglasiiH93
    |    |--P. d. ssp. douglasiiH93
    |    `--P. d. ssp. parvifloraH93
    |--P. floribundaH93
    |--P. nudiusculaH93
    |--P. serpylloides [incl. P. serpylloides ssp. intermedia]H93
    `--P. zizyphoroidesH93
  Poliomintha incanaH93
  Pycnanthemum californicumH93
  Salazaria mexicanaH93
  Ajuginucula smithii Reid & Chandler 1926CBH93
  PhyllostegiaAS02
  Leonurus L. 1753L95
    |--L. cardiacaC55b
    `--L. sibiricus L. 1753L95
  Marsypianthes Mart. ex Benth. 1833L95
    `--M. chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze 1891 (see below for synonymy)L95
  Craniotome versicolorSS72
  Roylea calycinaSS72
  ColeusR44
  Achyrospermum densiflorumR44
  Paraphlomis oblongifoliaR44

Ballota deserti (Noë) Jury, Rejdali & Griffiths in Greuter & Raus 1998 [=Sideritis deserti Noë 1855, Marrubium deserti (Noë) Cosson 1857]^GR98

Basilicum polystachyon (Linn.) Moench. 1802 [=Ocimum polystachyon Linn. 1771, Moschosma polystachyum (Linn.) Benth. 1940; incl. O. tenuiflorum Burm. f. 1768 non Linn. 1753]^SY72

Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze 1891 [=Clinopodium chamaedrys Vahl 1794; incl. M. hyptoides Mart. ex Benth. 1832]^L95

Pseudocaryopteris bicolor (Roxburgh) Cantino 1999 [=Volkameria bicolor Roxburgh ex Hardw. 1799, Caryopteris bicolor (Roxburgh) Mabb. in Manilal 1980; incl. Clerodendrum odoratum var. albiflorum Voigt 1845, Ca. odorata var. albiflora (Voigt) Moldenke 1971, Cl. odoratum Don 1825, Ca. odorata (Don) Rob. 1916, Volkameria odorata Roxburgh 1814 (n. n.), Ca. wallichiana Schauer in de Candolle 1847]^K07

Pseudocaryopteris foetida (Don) Cantino 1999 [=Clerodendrum foetidum Don 1825, Caryopteris foetida (Don) Thell. 1919; incl. Cl. gratum Wallich ex Walp. 1845, Ca. grata (Wallich) Benth. in Benth. & Hooker 1876]^K07

*Type species of generic name indicated

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