Belongs within: Laurales.
The Lauraceae are a pantropical group of often aromatic flowering plants including mostly shrubs and trees. Commercially significant species include the bay tree Laurus nobilis, avocado Persea americana and cinnamon Cinnamomum species. Laurus is a small genus of aromatic trees and shrubs found in the Mediterranean region and on the Macaronesian islands. The genus Cinnamomum also includes the camphor laurel C. camphora, whose aromatic wood is used to repel insects.
Some species of the genus Ocotea, such as the black stinkwood O. bullata of South Africa, have wood that releases an unpleasant odour when cut though the timber of the latter species is highly prized once cured. Members of the genus Sassafras are deciduous; the North American species Sassafras albidum was historically used to flavour root beer, though ‘sassafras oil’ is now more commonly derived from other species of Lauraceae. Members of the genera Neolitsea and Litsea have inflorescences surrounded by large bracts that persist at least until the flowers open. Cryptocarya is a pantropical genus in which mature fruits are surrounded by an enlarged receptacle.
The genus Cassytha comprises parasitic, largely non-photosynthetic vines with minute, scale-like leaves commonly known as ‘dodder laurels’ in reference to their strong superficial resemblance to the unrelated dodders of the genus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae). They may be distinguished from Cuscuta by the presence of chlorophyll in their stems, and flowers with two whorls of three equal tepals (Harden 1990).
The fossil record of the Lauraceae extends back to the Cenomanian epoch of the early Late Cretaceous where they are represented by preserved flowers and leaves (Collinson et al. 1993).
Dighloti
Published 1 October 2013
Just a brief one today. The above picture, from Assam Plants.com, shows leaves of the dighloti, Litsea salicifolia, a tree of the laurel family Lauraceae found in sparse valley forests of southern Asia from India to Vietnam (Li et al. 2008). Litsea salicifolia is fairly variable in appearance, but general characters include long elliptic, alternate, leathery and evergreen leaves, glabrous branchlets and petioles, 4-6-flowered umbels and small oblong fruit.
Dighloti is cultivated in Assam, with two main uses. It is supposed to be a mosquito repellent, and this has been corroborated by laboratory studies (Phukan & Kalita 2005). It is also used as a secondary food source for the muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis (Bindroo et al. 2006). Muga silk, one of the so-called ‘wild silks’ produced from caterpillars other than the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori, is raised primarily on two other Lauraceae species, the som Persea bombycina and the soalu Litsea polyantha. However, dighloti bushes are also grown in som plantations as a supplementary food for young or under-developed silkworms. Muga silk has a naturally golden-brown coloration (photo below from here).
Systematics of Lauraceae
Characters (from H. van der Werff): Shrubs to tall trees, evergreen or rarely deciduous (Cassytha a parasitic vine with leaves reduced to scales), usually aromatic. Leaves alternate, rarely whorled or opposite, simple, without stipules, petiolate. Leaf blade: unlobed (unlobed or lobed in Sassafras), margins entire, occasionally with domatia (crevices or hollows serving as lodging for mites) in axils of main lateral veins (in Cinnamomum). Inflorescences in axils of leaves or deciduous bracts, panicles (rarely heads), racemes, compound cymes, or pseudoumbels (spikes in Cassytha), sometimes enclosed by decussate bracts. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, bisexual only, or staminate and pistillate on different plants, or staminate and bisexual on some plants, pistillate and bisexual on others; flowers usually yellow to greenish or white, rarely reddish; hypanthium well developed, resembling calyx tube, tepals and stamens perigynous; tepals 6(-9), in 2(-3) whorls of 3, sepaloid, equal or rarely unequal, if unequal then usually outer 3 smaller than inner 3 (occasionally absent in Litsea); stamens (3-)9(-12), in whorls of 3, but 1 or more whorls frequently staminodial or absent; stamens of 3d whorl with 2 glands near base; anthers 2- or 4-locular, locules opening by valves; pistil 1, 1-carpellate; ovary 1-locular; placentation basal; ovule 1; stigma subsessile, discoid or capitate. Fruits drupes, drupe borne on pedicel with or without persistent tepals at base, or seated in ± deeply cup-shaped receptacle (cupule), or enclosed in accrescent floral tube. Seed 1; endosperm absent.
<==Lauraceae
|--Eusideroxylon zwageriK03
|--AmpelodaphneYY22
|--HypodaphnisYY22
|--PaxiodendronYY22
|--IteadaphneYY22
|--PolyadeniaYY22
|--AydendronYY22
|--RavensaraYY22
|--Parabenzoin praecox [=Lindera praecox]LO98
|--DahlgrenodendronFPC04
|--LaurocarpumJD05
|--Nothaphoebe umbelliflora (Bl.) Bl. 1851 [=Ocotea umbelliflora Bl. 1826; incl. N. nicobarica Chakrab. & Vasud. 1985]G06
|--Alseodaphne hainanensisG06
|--Machilus khasyanaG06
|--Umbellularia californica [incl. U. californica var. fresnensis]H93
|--Daphnophyllum fraasii Heer 1869CBH93
|--TriantheraP92
|--Daphnogene Unger 1850HL08
| |--D. cinnamomifoliaHL08
| `--D. lanceolataHL08
|--SassafrasYY22
| |--S. albidumC96
| `--S. ferretianumS89
|--ActinodaphneYY22
| |--A. angustifolia [incl. A. hookeri]BS07
| |--A. madraspatanaH72
| `--A. pseudogermariiJD05
|--Lindera Thunb. 1783KC01
| |--L. benzoinP93
| |--L. pipericarpaK03
| `--L. pulcherrimaD07
|--Laurophyllum Goeppert 1854HL08
| |--L. knauenseJD05
| |--L. lomatolepis Rüffle, Müller-Stoll & Litke 1976HL08
| `--L. syncarpifoliumJD05
|--NeolitseaDS04
| |--N. australiensisB00b
| |--N. cassiaDS04
| |--N. dealbataB00b
| `--N. sericea [incl. Litsaea glauca]LO98
|--InaperturopollenitesCBH93
| |--I. dubius (Potonié & Venitz) Thomson & Pflug 1953YB02
| |--I. hiatus (Potonié) Thomson & Pflug 1953YB02
| |--I. laevigatus Takahashi 1957YB02
| `--I. palaeogenicusCBH93
|--Laurus [Lauroideae]F71
| |--L. australiensis Ettingshausen 1883F71
| |--L. azoricaKL98
| |--L. cinnamomumA93
| |--L. nobilisR-RR-GM-S98
| `--L. princepsS89
|--NectandraJ87
| |--N. coriaceaJ87
| |--N. membranaceaJ87
| |--N. patensJ87
| |--N. sintenisiiSWK87
| `--N. tabascensisBT87
|--DehaasiaG06
| |--D. arunachalensis Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--D. assamicaG06
| |--D. candolleanaG06
| |--D. cuneataG06
| |--D. incrassata (Jack) Kosterm. 1952 [=Laurus incrassata Jack 1822]G06
| |--D. kurziiG06
| `--D. rangamattiensis Gangopadhyay 2006G06
|--Beilschmiedia Nees 1831A61
| |--B. bancroftiWO95
| |--B. bhutanica Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--B. ellipticaH90
| |--B. obtusifoliaB00b
| |--B. pendulaJ87
| |--B. roxburghianaG06
| |--B. tarairi (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 (see below for synonymy)A61
| `--B. tawa (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 (see below for synonymy)A61
|--OcoteaJ87
| |--O. acarinaJ87
| |--O. acranthaJ87
| |--O. bullataP65
| |--O. foeniculaceaJ87
| |--O. glazioviiW92
| |--O. kenyensisE09
| |--O. leucoxylonSWK87
| |--O. moschataSWK87
| |--O. portoricensisSWK87
| |--O. spathulataSWK87
| `--O. wrightiiJ87
|--PhoebeG06
| |--P. attenuataD07
| |--P. baishyae Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--P. boehlensisJD05
| |--P. cathiaG06
| |--P. declinata (Bl.) Nees 1836 [=Laurus declinata Bl. 1823, Persea declinata (Bl.) Kosterm. 1974]G06
| |--P. lanceolataG06
| |--P. lummaoensis Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--P. mexicanaBT87
| |--P. montanumJ87
| |--P. neurophyllaBBO02
| |--P. pallidaG06
| |--P. prazeri Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| `--P. tampicensisBT87
|--Cassytha Linnaeus 1753 [Cassythaceae, Cassythoideae]A61
| |--C. aureaB00b
| |--C. candidaLK14
| |--C. capillarisB12
| |--C. filiformisB00b
| |--C. flavaGK00
| |--C. flindersiiBE20
| |--C. glabellaB00b
| | |--C. g. f. glabellaH90
| | `--C. g. f. disparH90
| |--C. melanthaB00b
| |--C. micranthaGK00
| |--C. nodifloraG04
| |--C. peninsularisB00b
| |--C. pomiformisK90
| |--C. pubescensB00b [incl. C. paniculata Br. 1810H90, A61, C. phaeolasiaH90]
| `--C. racemosaB00b
| |--C. r. f. racemosaH90
| |--C. r. f. muelleriH90
| `--C. r. f. pilosaK90
|--EndiandraB00b
| |--E. compressaB00b
| |--E. cowleyanaSO93
| |--E. crassifloraH90
| |--E. discolorB00b
| |--E. floydiiH90
| |--E. glaucaB00b
| |--E. globosaH90
| |--E. hayesiiH90
| |--E. hypotephraB00b
| |--E. impressicostaB00b
| |--E. introrsaH90
| |--E. muelleriH90
| | |--E. m. ssp. muelleriH90
| | `--E. m. ssp. bracteataH90
| |--E. palmerstoniH42
| |--E. pubensB00b
| |--E. sieberiB00b
| `--E. virensH90
|--Litsea Lamarck 1789A61
| |--L. auriculataLI89
| |--L. australisH90
| |--L. bindonianaB00b
| |--L. breviumbellataB00b
| |--L. calicaris (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 (see below for synonymy)A61
| |--L. chinensisL00
| |--L. ferrugineaS91
| |--L. coriaceaM04
| |--L. glutinosaB00b
| |--L. graciaeK03
| |--L. leefeanaB00b
| |--L. macrophyllaB00b
| |--L. monopetalaM72
| |--L. odoriferaK03
| |--L. reticulataB00b
| |--L. roxburghiiM72
| |--L. salicifolia (Roxb. ex Nees) Hooker 1886 [incl. Tetranthera lanceaefolia Roxburgh 1832]BS07
| `--L. stocksii (Meisner) Hooker 1886 (see below for synonymy)BS07
| |--L. s. var. stocksiiBS07
| |--L. s. var. acutata (Meisner) Hooker 1886 (see below for synonymy)BS07
| `--L. s. var. glabrescens (Meisner) Hooker 1886 (see below for synonymy)BS07
|--PerseaG06
| |--P. americanaB00a
| | |--P. a. var. americanaFYP07
| | `--P. a. var. dryifoliaFYP07
| |--P. anomalaJ87
| |--P. arunachalensis Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--P. bhaskarii Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--P. borboniaM83
| |--P. coalingensis (Dorf) Axelrod 1944AD84
| |--P. fructiferaG06
| |--P. gambleiG06
| |--P. gratissima [incl. Laurus persea]C55
| |--P. haridasanii Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--P. himalayaensis Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--P. hintoniiBTA75
| |--P. indicaKL98
| |--P. lobitensis Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--P. macranthaSR07
| |--P. odoratissima [=Machilus odoratissima]G06
| |--P. podadeniaAD84
| |--P. robusta (Smith) Kosterm. 1962 [=Machilus robusta Smith 1921]G06
| |--P. russellii Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--P. schideanaBT87
| |--P. sharmae Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--P. sikkimensis Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--P. theobromifoliaD81
| |--P. thunbergii (Sieb. & Zucc.) Kosterm. 1957 [=Machilus khunbergii Sieb. & Zucc. 1847]G06
| `--P. upendrae Gangopadhyay 2006G06
|--CinnamomumG06
| |--C. bejolghotaG06
| |--C. bhamoensis Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--C. bhaskarii Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--C. bishnupadae Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--C. blandfordii Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--C. burmannii (Nees & Nees) Bl. 1826 [=Laurus burmannii Nees & Nees 1823]G06
| |--C. cacharensisG06
| |--C. camphora (Linnaeus) Presl 1825CD07
| |--C. cupulatumG06
| |--C. discoideumJD05
| |--C. glaucescensG06
| |--C. impressinerviumG06
| |--C. inersP88
| |--C. japonicumBBO02
| |--C. leichhardtii Ettingshausen 1883F71
| |--C. lohitensis Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--C. macrophyllum Miq. 1864G06
| |--C. mollissimum Hooker 1886G06
| |--C. oliveriB00b
| |--C. polymorphoidesF71
| |--C. sanjappae Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--C. sieboldii [incl. C. loureirii]LO98
| |--C. spuriumT-W89
| |--C. subavenium Miq. 1858G06
| |--C. sulphuratumSR07
| |--C. suvrae Gangopadhyay 2006G06
| |--C. tamalaD07
| |--C. tavoyanumG06
| |--C. travancoricumVM02
| |--C. virensH90
| |--C. walaiwarense Kostermans 1983VM02
| `--C. zeylanicumE30
`--CryptocaryaG06
|--C. albaB14
|--C. amygdalinaG06
|--C. bidwilliiH90
|--C. biswasii Gangopadhyay 2006G06
|--C. burkillii Gangopadhyay 2006G06
|--C. cinnamomifoliaS91
|--C. corrugataB00b
|--C. costataG06
|--C. cunninghamiiLK14
|--C. dekae Gangopadhyay 2006G06
|--C. densifloraB00b
|--C. dorrigoensisH90
|--C. erythroxylonB00b
|--C. everettiiG06
|--C. floydiiH90
|--C. foetidaH90
|--C. foveolataWO95
|--C. glaucescensB00b
|--C. grandisB00b
|--C. hypospodiaB00b
|--C. kurziiG06
|--C. laevigata [incl. C. laevigata var. bowiei]H90
|--C. mackinnonianaB00b
|--C. meissnerianaH90
|--C. microneuraB00b
|--C. murrayiB00b
|--C. nitens (Blume) Koorders & Valeton 1904 [incl. C. nativitatis Rendle ex Baker 1900]JG19
|--C. nova-anglicaH90
|--C. oblataH42
|--C. obovataH90
|--C. rigidaB00b
|--C. triplinervisB00b
| |--C. t. var. triplinervisH90
| `--C. t. var. pubensH90
|--C. williwillianaH90
`--C. woodiBP60
Beilschmiedia tarairi (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 [=Laurus tarairi Cunn. 1838, Nesodaphne tarairi (Cunn.) Hook. f. 1854]A61
Beilschmiedia tawa (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 [=Laurus tawa Cunn. 1838, Nesodaphne tawa Hook. f. 1854; incl. L. victoriana Col. in Hooker 1864 (n. n.)]A61
Litsea calicaris (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 [=Laurus calicaris Sol. ex Cunn. 1838, Tetranthera calicaris Hook. f. 1854; incl. T. tangao Cunn. 1838 (n. n.)]A61
Litsea stocksii (Meisner) Hooker 1886 [=Cylicodaphne oblonga var. stocksii Meisner in de Candolle 1864; incl. L. josephii Almeida 1990 (nom. illeg.), L. vartakii Almeida 1989 (nom. illeg.)]BS07
Litsea stocksii var. acutata (Meisner) Hooker 1886 [=Cylicodaphne myristicaefolia var. acutata Meisner in de Candolle 1864]BS07
Litsea stocksii var. glabrescens (Meisner) Hooker 1886 [=Cylicodaphne wightiana var. glabrescens Meisner in de Candolle 1864]BS07
*Type species of generic name indicated
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