Belongs within: Ascomycota.
The Lichinales are a clade of fungi lichenised with cyanobacteria that is phylogenetically distant from the main clade of lichenised fungi in the Lecanoromycetes.
Characters (Kirk et al. 2001): Thallus crustose, fruticose or foliose, sometimes peltate, often gelatinous. Ascomata eventually apothecial but initially more or less perithecial, often formed from pycnidia, opening by a pore, more or less sessile or immersed; peridium often not well-defined. Interascal tissue varied; hymenium often J+. Asci thin-walled, without separable wall layers, without well-defined apical structures, usually with J+ outer gelatinised layer; sometimes evanescent, sometimes polysporous. Ascospores usually hyaline, aseptate. Anamorphs pycnidial.
<==Lichinales [Lichinomycetes]
|--GloeoheppiaceaeEB03
| |--Gloeoheppia Gyeln. 1935KC01
| |--Gudelia Henssen 1995KC01
| `--Pseudopeltula Henssen 1995KC01
|--PeltulaceaeEB03
| |--Neoheppia Zahlbr. 1909KC01
| `--Peltula Nyl. 1853KC01
| |--P. auriculataJK06
| |--P. obscuransML04
| `--P. umbilicataJK06
|--HeppiaceaeEB03
| |--Corynecystis Brusse 1985KC01
| |--Epiphloea Trevis. 1880 [incl. Amphidium Nyl. 1891 non Schimp. 1885, Latzelia Zahlbr. 1926]KC01
| |--Heppia Nägeli ex Massal. 1854 (see below for synonymy)KC01
| |--Pseudoheppia Zahlbr. 1903KC01
| `--Solorinaria (Vain.) Gyeln. 1935KC01
`--LichinaceaeEB03
|--Anema Nyl. 1885 (nom. cons.) [incl. Omphalaria Massal. 1855 (nom. rej.) non Girard & Dunal ex Nyl. 1855]KC01
|--Calotrichopsis Vain. 1890KC01
|--Digitothyrea Moreno & Egea 1992KC01
|--Edwardiella Henssen 1986KC01
|--Euopsis Nyl. 1875KC01
|--Finkia Vain. 1929KC01
|--Gyrocollema Vain. 1929 [incl. Ginzbergerella Zahlbr. 1931]KC01
|--Jenmania Wächt. 1897 [=Jenmaniomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953]KC01
|--Lecidopyrenopsis Vain. 1907KC01
|--Lemmopsis (Vain.) Zahlbr. 1906KC01
|--Leprocollema Vain. 1890KC01
|--Lichinodium Nyl. 1875KC01
|--Metamelanea Henssen 1989KC01
|--Peccania Massal. ex Arnold 1858 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy)KC01
|--Phloeopeccania Steiner 1902 [=Phloeopeccaniomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953]KC01
|--Phylliscidiopsis Sambo 1937KC01
|--Phylliscidium Forssell 1885KC01
|--Phyllisciella Henssen 1984KC01
|--Phylliscum Nyl. 1855KC01
|--Porocyphus Körb. 1855 (see below for synonymy)KC01
|--Pseudarctomia Gyeln. 1939KC01
|--Psorotichia Massal. 1855 (see below for synonymy)KC01
|--Pterygiopsis Vain. 1890 [=Pterygiopsidomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; incl. Enchylium Massal. 1853 non Gray 1821]KC01
|--Pyrenocarpon Trevis. 1855 [=Montinia Massal. 1855 non Thunb. 1886; incl. Thelochroa Massal. 1855]KC01
|--Synalissa Fr. 1825KC01
|--Thelignya Massal. 1855 [incl. Arctoheppia Lynge 1938, Fernaldia Lynge 1937 non Woodson 1932]KC01
|--Thermutis Fr. 1825 [=Thermutomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; incl. Gonionema Nyl. 1855]KC01
|--Thermutopsis Henssen 1990KC01
|--Thyrea Massal. 1856 [incl. Omphalaria Girard & Dunal ex Nyl. 1855, Schizoma Nyl. ex Cromb. 1894]KC01
|--Zahlbrucknerella Herre 1912 (see below for synonymy)KC01
|--Cryptothele Fr. 1866 (see below for synonymy)KC01
|--Harpidium Körb. 1855KC01
|--Mawsonia Dodge 1948 non Livingstone 1928 (ICZN)KC01
|--Paulia Fée 1836 [=Pasithoe Decne. 1840]KC01
|--‘Stromatella’ Henssen 1989 non Kornmann & Sahling 1985KC01
|--Lichina Agardh 1817 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy)KC01
| `--L. pygmaea [=Fucus pygmaeus; incl. F. pumilus]BS-V28
|--Lichinella Nyl. 1873 (see below for synonymy)KC01
| `--L. iodopulchraJK06
|--Pyrenopsis Nyl. 1858 (see below for synonymy)KC01
| `--P. furfureaSS09
|--Ephebe Fr. 1825 [incl. Ephebeia Nyl. 1875, Ephebomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953, Spilonematopsis Dahl 1950]KC01
| |--E. lanataRS99
| `--E. pubescensRS99
`--Lempholemma Körb. 1855 (see below for synonymy)KC01
|--L. cladodesKC01
|--L. polyanthesML04
`--L. vesiculiferumKC01
Cryptothele Fr. 1866 [=Cryptotheliomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; incl. Malmgrenia Vain. 1939, Pyrenopsidium (Nyl.) Forssell 1885]KC01
Heppia Nägeli ex Massal. 1854 [=Heppiomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; incl. Endocarpiscum Nyl. 1864, Guepinella Bagl. 1870, Guepinia Hepp 1864 nec Bastard 1821 nec Fr. 1825, Heterina Nyl. 1858, Nylanderopsis Gyeln. 1935, Pannariella (Vain.) Gyeln. 1935, Placoheppia (Zahlbr.) Oxner 1956 (nom. inv.)]KC01
Lempholemma Körb. 1855 [incl. Arnoldia Massal. 1856 non Cass. 1824, Plectopsora Massal. 1860, Synalissina Nyl. 1885]KC01
Lichina Agardh 1817 (nom. cons.) [incl. Lichinomyces Thomas 1939 (nom. inv.), Neolichina Gyeln. 1940, Pygmaea Stackh. 1809 (nom. rej.), Thamnidium Tuck. ex Schwend. 1860 non Link 1809]KC01
Lichinella Nyl. 1873 [incl. Gonohymenia Steiner 1902, Gonohymeniomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953, Rechingeria Servít 1931, Thallinocarpon Dahl 1950]KC01
Peccania Massal. ex Arnold 1858 (nom. cons.) [=Peccaniomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; incl. Corinophoros Massal. 1856, Peccaniopsis Choisy 1949, Pleoconis Clem. 1909]KC01
Porocyphus Körb. 1855 [incl. Homopsella Nyl. 1887, Homopsellomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953, Lichiniza Nyl. 1881, Psoropsis Nyl. ex Zwackh 1883 (nom. inv.)]KC01
Psorotichia Massal. 1855 [=Psorotichiomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; incl. Collenopsis Nyl. ex Cromb. 1874, Tichospora Massal. ex Horw. 1912 (nom. inv.)]KC01
Pyrenopsis Nyl. 1858 [incl. Amphopsis (Nyl.) Hue 1892, Cladopsis Nyl. 1885, Mauritzia Gyeln. 1935, Pleopyrenis Clem. 1909, Synallisopsis Nyl. ex Stizenb. 1882 (nom. inv.)]KC01
Zahlbrucknerella Herre 1912 [=Zahlbrucknera Herre 1910 non Rchb. 1832; incl. Lecanephebe Frey 1929, Leptopterygium Zahlbr. 1930]KC01
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BS-V28] Bory de Saint-Vincent, J. B. 1828. Voyage Autour du Monde, Exécuté par Ordre du Roi, Sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Botanique. Cryptogamie. Arthus Bertrand: Paris.
[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.
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[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 9th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[ML04] Miadlikowska, J., & F. Lutzoni. 2004. Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 449–464.
[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.
[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O’Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.