Belongs within: Linguliformea.
Contains: Discinoidea, Zhanatellidae, Elkaniidae, Obolinae, Glossellinae, Pseudolingulidae, Lingula.
The Linguloidea are an assemblage of inarticulate brachiopods known from the Lower Cambrian to the present (Holmer & Popov 2000).
Characters (Holmer & Popov 2000): Shell generally biconvex; surface of larval shell smooth or with pitted microornamentation; both valves usually with marginal beaks; pedicle usually emerging between valves, more rarely through foramen; both valves usually with well-developed pseudointerareas; ventral visceral area bisected by pair of V-shaped grooves, representing impressions of pedicle nerve; dorsal visceral area usually with tonguelike, median, anterior projection; musculature composed of single or paired umbonal muscle, paired transmedian, anterior lateral, outside lateral, and middle lateral oblique muscles and paired central muscles; mantle canal system baculate or bifurcate.
<==Linguloidea [Lingulaceae, Obolacea]
|--+--DiscinoideaHP00
| `--Paterula Barrande 1879R65 [=Cyclus Barrande 1879 non de Koninck 1841R65; PaterulidaeHP00]
| |--*P. bohemica (Barrande 1879) [=*Cyclus bohemicus]R65
| |--P. circinaHP00
| |--P. nana Wolfart 1969HB93
| `--P. perfectaHP00
`--+--EoobolidaeHP00
| |--Vassilkovia Popov & Khazanovitch in Popov et al. 1989HP00
| | `--*V. granulata Popov & Khazanovitch in Popov et al. 1989HP00
| `--Eoobolus Matthew 1902 [incl. Clivosilingula Ushatinskaya 1993]HP00
| |--*E. triparilis (Matthew 1902) [=Obolus (*Eoobolus) triparilis]HP00
| `--*E. clivosus (Pelman 1983) [=Lingulella clivosa, *Clivosilingula clivosa]HP00
`--+--ZhanatellidaeHP00
`--+--ElkaniidaeHP00
`--+--LingulellotretidaeHP00
| |--Mirilingula Popov in Koneva & Popov 1983HP00
| | `--*M. mutabilis Popov in Koneva & Popov 1983HP00
| |--Lingulellotreta Koneva in Gorjansky & Koneva 1983ZH04
| | `--L. malongensis Rong 1974ZH04 (see below for synonymy)
| |--Aboriginella Koneva in Koneva & Popov 1983HP00
| | `--*A. denudata Koneva in Koneva & Popov 1983HP00
| `--Vaculina Koneva 1992HP00
| `--*V. obscura Koneva 1992HP00
|--Obolidae [Experilingulidae, Kyrshabactellidae]HP00
| | i. s.: Bistramia von Hoek 1912R65, HP00 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--*B. elegans von Hoek 1912HP00
| | |--‘*Tunaria’ cochambina von Hoek 1912 [=*Tunarites cochambina]HP00
| | `--‘*Pizarroa’ quichana von Hoek 1912HP00
| | Tomasina Hall & Clarke 1892 [=Thomasina (l. c.) nec Newstead & Carter 1911 nec Paeckelmann 1931]R65
| | `--*T. criei (Davidson in Guillier 1881) [=Lingula criei]HP00
| | Linguella viridensJB12, L95
| |--ObolinaeR65
| |--GlossellinaeR65
| `--ElliptoglossinaeHP00
| |--Elliptoglossa Cooper 1956R65
| | `--*E. ovalis (Bassler 1919) [=Leptobolus ovalis]R65
| `--Lingulops Hall 1872 [=Ligulops Hall 1871 (n. o.)]HP00
| |--*L. whitfieldi Hall 1872R65
| `--L. norwoodiR65
`--+--Lingulasma Ulrich 1889 [=Lingulelasma Miller 1889; Lingulasmatidae]HP00
| |--*L. schucherti Ulrich 1889R65
| |--L. compactumR65
| |--L. crassum (Eichwald 1829)HB93
| `--L. galenenseHP00
`--+--PseudolingulidaeHP00
`--LingulidaeHP00
|--LingulaR65
|--Apsilingula Williams 1977HP00
| `--*A. parkesensis Williams 1977HP00
|--Barroisella Hall & Clarke 1892R65
| `--B. campbelli Cooper 1942 (see below for synonymy)R65
|--Dignomia Hall 1871R65
| `--*D. alveata (Hall 1863) [=Lingula alveata]R65
|--Langella Mendes 1961R65
| `--*L. imbituvensis (de Oliveira 1930) [=Lingula imbituvensis]HP00
|--Lingulipora Girty 1898R65
| `--*L. williamsana (Girty 1898) [=Lingula (*Lingulipora) williamsana]R65
|--Lingularia Biernat & Emig 1993HP00
| `--*L. similis Biernat & Emig 1993HP00
|--Semilingula Popov in Egorov & Popov 1990HP00
| |--*S. arctica (Miloradovich 1936) [=Lingula arctica]HP00
| `--S. taimyrensisHP00
`--Glottidia Dall 1870R65
|--*G. albida (Hinds 1844) [=Lingula albida]HP00
|--G. audebartiE97
|--G. palmeriR65
`--G. pyramidata (Stimpson 1860)SS07
Linguloidea incertae sedis:
Longtancunella chengjiangensisC12
Laima Gravitis 1981HP00
`--*L. latgalica Gravitis 1981HP00
Lunoglossa Xu & Xie 1985HP00
`--*L. puqiensis Xu & Xie 1985HP00
Oxlosia Ulrich & Cooper 1936 [=Eunoa Clarke 1902 non Malmgren 1867]HP00
|--*O. accola (Clarke 1902) [=*Eunoa accola]R65
`--O. perplexaR65
Timalina Batrukova 1969HP00
`--*T. miranda Batrukova 1969HP00
Andobolus Kozlowski 1930 [Andobolidae]R65
`--*A. jackowskii Kozlowski 1930R65
Aulonotreta Kutorga 1848 [=Acritis von Volborth 1869; incl. Rohonodus Schallreuter 1983; Aulonotretidae]HP00
|--A. antiquissima (Eichwald 1843) [=Obolus antiquissimus; incl. *A. sculpta Kutorga 1848, *Acritis sculpta]R65
`--‘*Rohonodus’ vastorfensis Schallreuter 1983HP00
Barroisella campbelli Cooper 1942 [=Lingula subspatula Meek & Worthen 1868 non Hall & Meek 1856, *B. subspatula]R65
Bistramia von Hoek 1912R65, HP00 [incl. Pizarroa von Hoek 1912HP00, Tunaria von Hoek 1912 non Link 1807HP00, Tunarites Cooper & Muir-Wood 1951R65]
Lingulellotreta malongensis (Rong 1974)ZH04 [=Lingulepis malongensisZH04; incl. *Lingulellotreta ergalievi Koneva in Gorjansky & Koneva 1983HP00]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[C12] Chen, J.-Y. 2012. Evolutionary scenario of the early history of the animal kingdom: evidence from Precambrian (Ediacaran) Weng’an and Early Cambrian Maotianshan biotas, China. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 239–379. Springer.
[HB93] Harper, D. A. T., C. H. C. Brunton, L. R. M. Cocks, P. Copper, E. N. Doyle, A. L. Jeffrey, E. F. Owen, M. A. Parkes, L. E. Popov & C. D. Prosser. 1993. Brachiopoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 427–462. Chapman & Hall: London.
[HP00] Holmer, L. E., & L. E. Popov. 2000. Lingulata. In: Kaesler, R. L. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda, Revised vol. 2. Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea (part) pp. 30–146. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.
[L95] Landing, E. 1995. Upper Placentian–Branchian series of mainland Nova Scotia (middle–upper Lower Cambrian): faunas, paleoenvironments, and stratigraphic revision. Journal of Paleontology 69 (3): 475–495.
[R65] Rowell, A. J. 1965. Inarticulata. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda vol. 1 pp. H260–H296. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas Press: Lawrence (Kansas).
[SS07] Struck, T. H., N. Schutt, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh & K. M. Halanych. 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 57.
[ZH04] Zhang, Z., J. Han, X. Zhang, J. Liu & D. Shu. 2004. Soft-tissue preservation in the Lower Cambrian linguloid brachiopod from South China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49: 259–266.