Macroheterocera

Small tolype moth Tolype notialis, copyright Ken Childs.

Belongs within: Obtectomera.
Contains: Drepanidae, Noctuoidea, Geometroidea, Bombycoidea, Lasiocampinae.

The Macroheterocera are a clade of mostly medium-sized to large moths united by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Kawahara et al. 2019). Many species in this clade possess sound-receptive tympanal organs, thought differences in location and structure imply non-homology. Drepanidae and Geometroidea have tympanal organs on the abdomen, Noctuoidea have them on the metathorax, usually with counter-tympanal cavities on the base of the abdomen that may have a prominent hood, and Bombycoidea lack tympanal organs.

The cosmopolitan Lasiocampidae are sexually dimorphic with fast-flying males and larger sluggish females (Nielsen & Common 1991).

<==MacroheteroceraKP19
|--DrepanoideaKP19
| |--Axia [Cimeliidae]KP19
| | `--A. margaritaKP19
| `--+--DrepanidaeKP19
| `--Doa Neumoegen & Dyar 1894FL05 [DoidaeKP19]
`--+--NoctuoideaKP19
`--+--GeometroideaKP19
`--+--BombycoideaKP19
`--Lasiocampidae [Lasiocampoidea]KP19
| i. s.: Aurivillia Tutt 1902C92
| PorelaNS07
| |--P. aridaP27
| `--P. notodontina (Felder & Felder 1874) [=Cosmotricha notodontina]NS07
| Eriomorpha Fletcher 1982 [=Lasiomorpha Turner 1932 non Joicey & Talbot in Joicey et al. 1916]NO08
| EuglyphisNS07
| |--E. adusta (Walker 1855) [incl. Hydrias rubiginosa Felder & Felder 1874]NS07
| |--E. grammophora (Felder & Felder 1874) [=Hydrias grammophora]NS07
| `--E. ochropyga (Felder & Felder 1874) [=Hydrias ochropyga]NS07
| Paralebeda crinodes (Felder & Felder 1874) [=Opsirhina crinodes]NS07
| Bombycopsis Felder & Felder 1874NS07
| `--*B. ochroleuca Felder & Felder 1874NS07
| Titya abstersa Felder & Felder 1874NS07
| Eutricha capensis (Linnaeus 1767) [incl. Pachypasa ferruginea Felder & Felder 1874]NS07
| Streblote aculeata (Walker 1865) [incl. Pachypasa scapulosa Felder & Felder 1874]NS07
| Bombycomorpha Felder & Felder 1874NS07
| `--B. bifascia (Walker 1855) [incl. *B. nupta Felder & Felder 1874]NS07
| Trichiura crataegi (Linnaeus 1758)JP05
| DendrolimusJP05
| |--D. albolineatusF92
| |--D. kikuchiiF92
| |--D. laricisF92
| |--D. pini (Linnaeus 1758)JP05
| |--D. punctatusF92
| |--D. sibiricusF92
| |--D. spectabilisPHK96
| `--D. tabulaeformisF92
| Pachypasa otus (Drury 1773)L-SSY04
| Digglesia australasiaeG84
| Perna expansaC70
| MalacosomaG05
| |--M. americanaRD77
| |--M. californicumG05
| | |--M. c. californicumG05
| | `--M. c. fragileG05
| |--M. castrensisF92
| |--M. disstriaG05
| |--M. incurvumG05
| `--M. neustriaF92
| |--M. n. neustriaF92
| `--M. n. testaceaF92
| Macrothylacia rubiRD77
| HydriasD00
| |--H. dolosa Druce 1900D00
| `--H. zemira Druce 1900D00
|--ChionopsychinaeONE03
|--ChondrosteginaeONE03
|--LasiocampinaeNC91
|--PoecilocampaF92 [PoecilocampinaeONE03]
| `--P. populiF92
|--GastropachinaeNC91
| |--Pernattia pusillaNC91
| `--GastropachaDS73
| |--G. populifoliaDS73
| `--G. quercifoliaDS73
| |--G. q. quercifoliaDS73
| `--G. q. alnifoliaDS73
`--MacromphaliinaeKP19
|--Artace rubripalpis (Felder & Felder 1874)KP19, NS07 [=Titya rubripalpisNS07]
|--Macromphalia Felder & Felder 1874NS07
| |--M. ancilla (Philippi 1859) [incl. *M. chilensis Felder & Felder 1874]NS07
| `--M. dedecora (Feisthamel 1839)NS07
`--TolypeKP19
|--T. notialisKP19
`--T. picta (Felder & Felder 1874) [=Limacodilla picta]NS07

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[C92] Crawford, R. L. 1992. Catalogue of the genera and type species of the harvestman superfamily Phalangioidea (Arachnida). Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History 8: 1–60.

[DS73] Dickens, M., & E. Storey. 1973. The World of Moths. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.: New York.

[D00] Druce, H. 1900. Descriptions of some new genera and species of Heterocera from tropical South America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 507–527.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[FL05] Fibiger, M., & J. D. Lafontaine. 2005. A review of the higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the Holarctic fauna. Esperiana 11: 7–92.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[G05] Grissell, E. E. 2005. A review of North American species of Microdontomerus Crawford (Torymidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 22–65.

[JP05] Jungmann, E., & U. Poller. 2005. Neunachweise und Wiederfunde für die Schmetterlingsfauna (Insecta; Lepidoptera) des Altenburger Landes. Mauritiana 19 (2): 317–326.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[L-SSY04] López-Sebastián, E., J. Selfa & J. Ylla. 2004. Primeros datos del parasitismo de Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet, 1921) sobre Graellsia isabelae (Graells, 1849) en condiciones de laboratorio. Graellsia 60 (1): 121–123.

[NO08] Nässig, W. A., & R. G. Oberprieler. 2008. An annotated catalogue of the genera of Eupterotidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Bombycoidea). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 53–80.

[NS07] Nässig, W. A., & W. Speidel. 2007. On the authorships of the Lepidoptera Atlas of the “Reise der Novara”, with a list of the taxa of Bombycoidea [s. l.] therein described (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Bombycoidea). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (1): 63–74.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[ONE03] Oberprieler, R. G., W. A. Nässig & E. D. Edwards. 2003. Ebbepterote, a new genus for the Australian ‘Eupterote’ expansa (T. P. Lucas), with a revised classification of the family Eupterotidae (Lepidoptera). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 99–110.

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

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