Belongs within: Malvales.
Contains: Rulingia, Malacothamnus, Sidalcea, Sida, Sphaeralcea, Bombacoideae, Malvoideae, Sterculioideae, Tilioideae, Dombeyoideae, Helicteroideae, Corchorus, Triumfetta, Grewia, Hermannia, Lasiopetalum.
The Malvaceae as used here in the broad sense is an assemblage of plants previously divided between the families Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae; polyphyly of the latter three families has lead to their inclusion in the first. Molecular data support a basal division of the Malvaceae sensu lato between Byttneriina, including taxa previously assigned to Sterculiaceae (Byttnerioideae) and Tiliaceae (Grewioideae), and Malvadendrina, including taxa previously assigned to all four original families (Baum et al. 1998). The Byttnerioideae, including the largest portion of the historical Sterculiaceae, are characterised by perfect, actinomorphic, pentamerous flowers with stamens in multiples of five and opposite the petals. The Grewioideae bear a carpet of nectariferous hairs at the base of the petals.
The Brownlowioideae are a subgroup of the Malvadendrina characterised by a campanulate calyx with fused lobes. The Malvatheca are united by molecular data and the presence of modified staminal thecae (Baum et al. 1998). The balsa tree Ochroma pyramidale, which occupies a basal position within Malvatheca, is a large Neotropical tree known for its extremely low density wood. Patinoa is another Neotropical tree genus bearing entire leaves, large baccate fruits and large seeds covered with a thick lanate tomentum.
Characters (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Shrubs to trees (occasionally herbs); cyclopropenoid fatty acids, terpenoid-based quinones present, gums common; wood commonly fluoresces; pits not vestured; tile cells common; sieve tubes with non-dispersive protein bodies; hairs stellate/lepidote; leaves spiral or two-ranked, lamina vernation usually conduplicate(to plicate), margins entire or toothed, single vein running to the non-glandular apex, secondary venation palmate; inflorescence made up of modified cymose units [“bicolor units”]; calyx valvate; stamens (5–)many, in five groups opposite the petals, but fundamentally obdiplostemonous, basally connate, extrorse; tapetal cells 2(–4)-nucleate; gynoecium variable in orientation, style usually 5-branched apically, stigma usually dry; ovules 1–many carpel; micropyle zig-zag (endo- or exostomal), outer integument develops first, 2–4(–7) cells across, inner integument 2–7(–10) cells across, parietal tissue 3–8 cells, across, nucellar cap 2–5 cells across, hypostase present, obturator present or absent; inverse postament present; fruit a capsule (berry, schizocarp, etc.; muricate); testa multiplicative, vascularized, endotesta crystalliferous, tegmen multiplicative, endotegmic cells more or less thickened; endosperm often starchy, embryo often green; sporophytic self-incompatibility system often present.
<==Malvaceae [Bombacaceae, Eumalvales, Malvineae, Sterculiaceae, Sterculiineae]
|--MalvadendrinaBAN98
| |--MalvathecaBS04
| | |--+--BombacoideaeBS04
| | | `--MalvoideaeBS04
| | `--+--Patinoa almirajoBS04, BAN98
| | `--OchromaBS04
| | |--O. lagopus Sw. 1788C81
| | `--O. pyramidaleBAN98
| `--+--SterculioideaeBS04
| `--+--+--TilioideaeBS04
| | `--DombeyoideaeBS04
| `--+--HelicteroideaeBS04
| `--BrownlowioideaeBAN98
| |--MortoniodendronBAN98
| `--+--Berrya [Berryeae]BAN98
| |--ChristianaBAN98
| |--JarandersoniaBAN98
| `--Brownlowia [Brownlowieae]BS04
| `--B. elataBAN98
`--Byttneriina [Byttneriaceae]BAN98
| i. s.: Oudemansia Miq. 1854KC01
|--GrewioideaeBAN98
| |--CorchorusBAN98
| |--Sparmannia africanaBAN98
| |--TriumfettaBAN98
| |--GrewiaBAN98
| `--HeliocarpusBAN98
| |--H. americanusBAN98
| `--H. tomentosusBT87
`--ByttnerioideaeBAN98
|--HermanniaBAN98
|--Kleinhovia hospitaBAN98, C78
|--LeptonychiaBAN98
|--LasiopetalumBAN98
|--Theobroma [Theobromeae]BAN98
| |--T. bicolorBW64
| `--T. cacaoBAN98
`--ByttneriaBAN98
|--*B. scabraBAN98
|--B. aculeataF09
|--B. asperaDD73
|--B. carthaginensisRS99
`--B. herbaceaP03
Malvaceae incertae sedis:
MelochiaD01
|--M. corchorifoliaLK14
|--M. pyramidataLK14
`--M. umbellataLK14
ArgyrodendronB00a
|--A. peralatumW01
`--A. trifoliolatumB00a [=Heritiera trifoliolataH90]
PterygotaP02
MelhaniaLK14
|--M. futteyporensisPP07
|--M. incanaC16
`--M. oblongifoliaLK14
AcropogonYY22
BasiloxylonYY22
Dicarpidium monoicumLK14
FirmianaS02
|--F. colorataS02
|--F. malayanaP88
`--F. simplex [incl. Sterculia platanifolia]LO98
OctolobusYY22
PterocymbiumYY22
TarrietiaYY22
|--T. actinophyllaH97
`--T. argyrodendronH42
Erythropsis Lindley ex Schott & Endlicher 1832FT93
ThomasiaRL05
|--T. cognataRL05
|--T. foliosaGK00
|--T. macrocalyxOS04
|--T. paniculataGK00
`--T. paucifloraGK00
KeraudreniaH90
|--K. corollataH90
| |--K. c. var. corollataH90
| `--K. c. var. denticulataH90
|--K. hermanniifoliaK90
|--K. hilliiH90
|--K. integrifoliaH90
`--K. velutinaG04
|--K. v. ssp. velutinaG04
`--K. v. ssp. ellipticaG04
RulingiaZ94
CommersoniaB00b
|--C. bartramiaB00b
|--C. echinataT-W89
|--C. fraseriB00b
`--C. gaudichaudiiK90
HannafordiaH90
|--H. bissilliiH90
`--H. quadrivalvisKM08
Ambroma augustaBB07
ParabombacaceoxylonWM09
JavelinoxylonWM09
AbelmoschusM99
|--A. esculentusM99
|--A. ficulneusM99
|--A. manihotH90
`--A. moschatusLK14
Fioria vitifoliaLK14
WaltheriaLK14
|--W. americanaBTA75
`--W. indicaLK14
ModiolaH93
|--M. carolinianaH93
`--M. multifidaC06
Fugosia australisC16
EremalcheH93
|--E. exilis [=Malvastrum exile]H93
|--E. parryi [=Malvastrum parryi]H93
| |--E. p. ssp. parryiH93
| `--E. p. ssp. kernensis [=Malvastrum kernense]H93
`--E. rotundifolia [=Malvastrum rotundifolium]H93
Herissantia crispa [=Abutilon crispum]H93
HorsfordiaH93
|--H. alataH93
`--H. newberryiH93
IiamnaH93
|--I. bakeriH93
`--I. latibracteataH93
MalacothamnusH93
Malvella leprosaH93 [=Sida leprosaH90; incl. S. leprosa var. hederaceaH93]
Ayenia compacta [incl. A. californica]H93
Bombacites formosus Berry 1916CBH93
BombacoxylonCBH93
Hibiscoxylon niloticum Kräusel 1939CBH93
KosteletzkyaCBH93
Echiperiporites estelaeCBH93
Chattawaya paliformis Manchester 1980CBH93
Triplochitioxylon oregonensis Manchester 1979CBH93
ReevesiapollenitesCBH93
Gilesia binifloraH90
Seringia arborescensH90
Gynatrix pulchella [=Plagianthus pulchellus; incl. P. pulchellus var. tomentosus]H90
Stegia DC. 1805KC01
Mansonia altissimaS77
Azanza lampasM72
SidalceaPT01
CephalohibiscusH03
Kydia calycinaP03
NapaeaYY22
AnodaRN-F01
|--A. cristata [incl. A. cristata var. digitata]H93
|--A. hastataJ87
`--A. parviflora Cavanilles 1799C99
LawrenciaG04
|--L. densifloraKM08
|--L. glomerata [=Plagianthus glomeratus]H90
|--L. spicataGK00
|--L. squamata [=Plagianthus squamatus, Selenothamnus squamatus; incl. P. incanus]H90
`--L. viridigriseaKM08
AltheaPT01
|--A. cannabinaH91
|--A. hirsutaPT98
|--A. ludwigiiD17
`--A. officinalisPT01
UrenaLK14
|--U. americana [incl. U. reticulata]C55
|--U. armitianaLK14
| |--U. a. var. armitianaLK14
| `--U. a. var. spenceriLK14
`--U. lobataLK14
AlceaY98
|--A. biennisPT98
`--A. rosea [=Althaea rosea]H93
SidineaeU16
|--SidaG04
|--BastardiopsisU16
`--Tetrasida Ulbrich 1916U16
`--*T. polyantha Ulbrich 1916U16
SphaeralceaJ87
‘Kochia’ decaptera Muell. 1875 [=K. triptera var. pentaptera Black 1924]W84
Navaea phoenicea [=Lavatera phoenicea]BGS05
Guichenotia ledifoliaK90
DialycarpaT-W89
LahiaT-W89
BoschiaT-W89
PalauaU16
|--P. malvifoliaU16
`--P. micrantha Ulbrich 1916U16
Wissadula sect. EuwissadulaU16
|--W. contractaU16
|--W. densifloraU16
`--W. fuscorosea Ulbrich 1916U16
PseudabutilonU16
|--P. panniculatum [=Wissadula panniculata]U16
`--P. (subg. Abutilastrum) weberbaueri Ulbrich 1916U16
NototricheU16
|--N. flabellataU16
|--N. glacialis Ulbrich 1916U16
|--N. obcuneataU16
`--N. porphyrantha Ulbrich 1916U16
Tarasa rahmeriU16
*Type species of generic name indicated
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