Menoponidae

Colpocephalum fregili, copyright Natural History Museum, London.

Belongs within: Phthiraptera.

The Menoponidae are a diverse group of lice parasitic on birds.

Characters (from Richards & Davies 1977): Antennae four- or five-segmented, with 2 coeloconic sensilla on fourth or fourth and fifth segments; maxillary palps four-segmented; labial palps present, with five distal setae; pro-, meso- and metanota separate; mid and hind legs each with two tarsal claws; six pairs of spiracles on third to eighth abdominal segments; first abdominal tergum not fused with metanotum.

<==Menoponidae
    |--Megamenopon rasnitsyniGE05
    |--Dennyus Neumann 1906GE05, BP04
    |--Menacanthus Neumann 1912HPP80
    |    |--*M. robustus (Kellogg 1896) [=Menopon robustum]PB96
    |    |--M. alaudae (Schrank 1776) [=Pediculus alaudae; incl. Menopon parviceps Piaget 1880]PB96
    |    |--M. dennisi Price & Emerson 1988PB96
    |    |--M. eurysternus (Burmeister 1838)K00 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--M. gonophaeus (Burmeister 1838) [=Menopon gonophaeum]PB96
    |    |--M. menura (Le Souëf & Bullen 1902) [=Menopon menura]PB96
    |    |--M. nelsoni Price 1976PB96
    |    |--M. pallipes (Piaget 1885) [=Menopon pallipes]PB96
    |    |--M. pusillus (Nitzsch 1866) [=Menopon pusillum]PB96
    |    `--M. stramineus (Nitzsch 1818)T62 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Kelerimenopon Conci 1942PB96
    |    |--*K. (Kelerimenopon) sanfilippoi Conci 1942PB96
    |    `--K. (Lorimenopon Price & Emerson 1966)PB96
    |         |--K. (*L.) longipes (Piaget 1880) [=Colpocephalum longipes]PB96
    |         `--K. (L.) galeritae Price & Emerson 1966PB96
    |--Actornithophilus Ferris 1916 [incl. Clypeodon Timmermann 1954, Larithophilus Zlotorzycka 1963]PB96
    |    |--*A. uniseriatus (Piaget 1880) [=Colpocephalum uniseriatum]PB96
    |    |--A. ceruleus (Timmermann 1954) [=Clypeodon ceruleus]PB96
    |    |--A. grandiceps (Piaget 1880) [=Colpocephalum grandiceps]PB96
    |    |--A. hoplopteri (Mjöberg 1910) [=Colpocephalum hoplopteri]PB96
    |    |--A. incisus (Piaget 1880) (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |    |--‘Colpocephalum’ maurum Nitzsch in Giebel 1866 [=*Larithophilus maurus]PB96
    |    |--A. ochraceus (Nitzsch 1818) [=Liotheum (Colpocephalum) ochraceum; incl. Colpocephalum flavipes Giebel 1874]PB96
    |    |--A. patellatusA71
    |    |--A. pauliani Séguy 1953PB96
    |    |--A. piceus (Denny 1842) [=Colpocephalum piceum]PB96
    |    |    |--A. p. piceus [incl. Colpocephalum crassipes Piaget 1880]PB96
    |    |    `--A. p. lari (Packard 1870) [=Colpocephalum lari]PB96
    |    `--A. umbrinus (Burmeister 1838) (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |--Austromenopon Bedford 1939HPP80 [incl. Procellariphaga Eichler 1949PB96]
    |    |--*A. crocatum (Nitzsch 1866) [=Menopon crocatum]PB96
    |    |--A. aegialitidis (Durrant 1906) [=Menopon aegialitidis]PB96
    |    |--A. affine (Piaget 1890) [=Menopon affine]PB96
    |    |--A. atrofulvum (Piaget 1880) (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |    |--A. beckii (Kellogg 1906) [=Menopon beckii]PB96
    |    |--A. brevifimbriatum (Piaget 1880) (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |    |--A. bulleri Price & Clay 1972HPP80
    |    |--A. elliotti Timmermann 1954HPP80
    |    |--A. enigki Timmermann 1963PB96
    |    |--A. fuscofasciatum (Piaget 1880) [=Menopon fuscofasciatum]PB96
    |    |--A. himantopi Timmermann 1954PB96
    |    |--A. lutescensA71
    |    |--A. micrandum (Nitzsch in Giebel 1866) [=Menopon micrandrum]PB96
    |    |--A. navigans (Kellogg 1896) [=Menopon navigans]PB96
    |    |--A. ossifragae (Eichler 1949) [=*Procellariphaga ossifragae]PB96
    |    |--A. paululum (Kellogg & Chapman 1899) [=Menopon paululum]PB96
    |    |--A. pinguis (Kellogg 1896)HPP80 [=Colpocephalum pinguePB96]
    |    |--A. popellus (Piaget 1890) [=Menopon popellus]PB96
    |    |--A. stammeri Timmermann 1963HPP80
    |    `--A. transversum (Denny 1842) [=Menopon transversum; incl. M. lemniscatum Enderlein 1908]PB96
    |--Myrsidea Waterston 1915 (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |    |--*M. victrix Waterston 1915PB96
    |    |--M. australiensis Klockenhoff 1971PB96
    |    |    |--M. a. australiensisPB96
    |    |    |--M. a. bennetti Klockenhoff 1971PB96
    |    |    `--M. a. mellori Klockenhoff 1973PB96
    |    |--M. brevipes (Ewing 1927) [=*Acolpocephalum brevipes]PB96
    |    |--M. cecilae Klockenhoff 1972PB96
    |    |--M. cinerea (Thompson 1939) [=Menopon cinerea, *Australmenopon cinereum]PB96
    |    |--M. cucularisRD77
    |    |--M. pachycephalae Palma & Klockenhoff 1988PB96
    |    |--M. ptilonorhynchi (Ponton 1871) [=Menopon ptilonorhynchi]PB96
    |    |--M. rusticum (Giebel 1874) [=Menopon rusticum, *Densidea rustica]PB96
    |    |--M. schizotergum Klockenhoff 1972PB96
    |    |    |--M. s. schizotergumPB96
    |    |    `--M. s. arafura Klockenhoff 1972PB96
    |    |--M. strangeri Clay 1970PB96
    |    |--M. struthidea Thompson 1939 [=*Allomyrsidea struthidea]PB96
    |    `--M. vincula (Le Souëf & Bullen 1902) [=Colpocephalum vinculum]PB96
    |--Hohorstiella Eichler 1940N91, T62
    |    `--*H. lata (Piaget 1880) [=Menopon latum]PB96
    |--Menopon Nitzsch 1818PB96
    |    |--*M. gallinae (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |    |--M. bifurcatum Piaget 1880 (n. d.)PB96
    |    |--M. bucerotis Kellogg 1908K08
    |    |--M. commissum Neumann 1890 (n. d.)PB96
    |    |--M. eulasius Kellogg 1908K08
    |    |--M. forcipatumK08
    |    |--M. fulvomaculatum Denny 1842PB96
    |    |--M. giganteum Denny 1842 [=Hohorstiella gigantea]PB96
    |    |--M. infumatum Piaget 1885 [=Menacanthus infumatus]PB96
    |    |--M. obscurum Piaget 1880PB96
    |    `--M. titanK08
    |--Ancistrona Westwood 1874HPP80
    |    `--A. vagelli (Fabricius 1787) [=Pediculus vagelli; incl. A. gigas Piaget 1883, *A. procellariae Westwood 1874]PB96
    |--Longimenopon Thompson 1948HPP80
    |    |--*L. puffinus Thompson 1948PB96
    |    `--L. galeatum Timmermann 1957PB96
    |--Colpocephalum Nitzsch 1818 (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |    |--*C. zebra Burmeister 1838PB96
    |    |--C. aethiopicae Price & Beer 1965PB96
    |    |--C. albidum Giebel 1874 (n. d.)PB96
    |    |--C. alecturae Price & Beer 1964PB96
    |    |--C. angulaticeps Piaget 1880PB96
    |    |--C. berigorae Tendeiro 1988PB96
    |    |--C. eucarenum Burmeister 1838 [=*Pelecanigogus eucarenus]PB96
    |    |--C. extraneumK08
    |    |--C. falconii Carriker 1963S69
    |    |--C. fregili Denny 1842 [incl. C. trimaculatum Piaget 1880]PB96
    |    |--C. gracileK08
    |    |--C. heterosoma Piaget 1880PJ02
    |    |--C. impressum Rudow 1866PB96
    |    |--C. lathami Price & Beer 1964PB96
    |    |--C. leptopygos Nitzsch in Giebel 1874 [=*Liothella leptopygos]PB96
    |    |--C. longicaudum Nitzsch in Giebel 1866PB96
    |    |--C. miandrium Kellogg 1908K08
    |    |--C. oreas Kellogg 1908K08
    |    |--C. salimalii Clay 1951PJ02
    |    |--C. semicinctumK08
    |    |--C. sjoestedti Kellogg 1908K08
    |    |--C. spinicollis Price & Beer 1965PB96
    |    |--C. subaequaleK08
    |    |--C. subzerafae Tendeiro 1988PB96
    |    |--C. temporale Piaget 1890PB96
    |    |--C. trochioxumK08
    |    |--C. turbinatum Denny 1842 (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |    |--C. veratrum Kellogg 1908K08
    |    |--C. xenicum Kellogg 1908K08
    |    `--C. zerafae Ansari 1955PB96
    |--Amyrsidea Ewing 1927PB96
    |    |--*A. ventralis (Nitzsch in Giebel 1866) [=Menopon ventrale]PB96
    |    `--A. (Argimenopon Eichler 1947]PB96
    |         |--‘*Argimenopon’ polytrichum Eichler 1947PB96
    |         `--A. (A.) minuta Emerson 1961PB96
    |--Ciconiphilus Bedford 1939 [incl. Anseriphilus Eichler 1943]PB96
    |    |--*C. quadripustulatus (Burmeister 1838) [=Colpocephalum quadripustulatum]PB96
    |    |--C. decimfasciatus (Boisduval & Lacordaire 1835) (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |    `--C. pectiniventris (Harrison 1916) (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |--Cuculiphilus Uchida 1926PB96
    |    |--*C. fasciatus (Scopoli 1763) [=Pediculus fasciatus]PB96
    |    `--C. platygaster (Giebel 1874) [=Menopon platygaster; incl. M. interpolatum Piaget 1880]PB96
    |--Eidmanniella Kéler 1938PB96
    |    |--E. pellucida (Rudow 1869) [=Menopon pellucidum; incl. M. brevipalpe Piaget 1880, *Eidmanniella brevipalpis]PB96
    |    |--E. albescens (Piaget 1880) [=Menopon albescens; incl. E. sula Tendeiro 1958]PB96
    |    |--E. pustulosa (Nitzsch in Giebel 1866) [=Menopon pustulosum]PB96
    |    `--E. subrotunda (Piaget 1880) [=Menopon subrotundum]PB96
    |--Eomenopon Harrison 1915PB96
    |    |--*E. denticulatum Harrison 1915PB96
    |    |--E. concinnae Price & Emerson 1982PB96
    |    |--E. greeni Price & Palma 1992PB96
    |    `--E. patoni Price 1969PB96
    |--Eucolpocephalum Bedford 1930PB96
    |    `--E. femorale (Piaget 1880) [=Menopon femorale; incl. *E. robustum Bedford 1930]PB96
    |--Franciscoloa Conci 1942PB96
    |    |--F. pallida (Piaget 1880) [=Colpocephalum pallidum; incl. *F. cacatuae Conci 1942]PB95
    |    |--F. funerei Price & Beer 1966PB96
    |    |--F. leadbeateri Price & Beer 1966PB96
    |    |--F. magnifici Price 1969PB96
    |    `--F. roseicapillae Price & Beer 1966PB96
    |--Heleonomus Ferris 1916PB96
    |    |--*H. macilentus (Nitzsch in Giebel 1866) [=Colpocephalum macilentum]PB96
    |    `--H. laveryi Price 1970PB96
    |--Heteromenopon Carriker 1954PB96
    |    |--*H. (Heteromenopon) sincipitalis Carriker 1954PB96
    |    `--H. (Keamenopon Price & Beer 1967)PB96
    |         |--H. (*K.) kea (Kellogg 1907) [=Menopon kea]PB96
    |         |--H. (K.) kalamundae Price 1969PB96
    |         `--H. (K.) psittacum (Le Souëf & Bullen 1902) [=Menopon psittacus, M. pteropsittacus Harrison 1916]PB96
    |--Holomenopon Eichler 1941 [incl. Goliathipon Eichler 1982]PB96
    |    |--H. leucoxanthum (Burmeister 1838) (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |    |--H. goliath Clay 1961 [=*Goliathipon goliath]PB96
    |    `--H. setigerum (Blagoveshtchensky 1948) [=Menopon setigerum]PB96
    |--Kurodaia Uchida 1926PB96
    |    |--*K. haliaeti (Denny 1842) [=Colpocephalum haliaeti]PB96
    |    |--K. cryptostigmatia (Nitzsch 1861) [=Menopon cryptostigmation]PB96
    |    |--K. edwardsi Emerson 1961E61
    |    |--K. keleri Emerson 1961E61
    |    |--K. magna Emerson 1960E61
    |    |--K. pectinata (Osborn 1902)E61
    |    `--K. subpachygaster (Piaget 1880) [=Colpocephalum subpachygaster]PB96
    |--Machaerilaemus Harrison 1915 [incl. Hirundoecus Ewing 1930]PB96
    |    |--*M. latifrons Harrison 1915PB96
    |    |--‘*Hirundoecus’ americanus Ewing 1930PB96
    |    `--M. malleus (Burmeister 1838) [=Eureum malleus]PB96
    |--Meromenopon Clay & Meinertzhagen 1941PB96
    |    |--*M. meropis Clay & Meinertzhagen 1941PB96
    |    `--M. brevicolle (Piaget 1885) [=Menopon brevicolle]PB96
    |--Nosopon Hopkins 1950PB96
    |    |--*N. minus (Piaget 1880) [=Menopon minus, M. fulvofasciatum var. minor]PB96
    |    |--N. australiense Price 1976 [=N. australiensis]PB96
    |    `--N. lucidum (Rudow 1869) [=Menopon lucidum]PB96
    |--Piagetiella Neumann 1906 (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |    |--*P. ragazzii (Picaglia 1884) [=*Piagetia ragazzii]PB96
    |    |--P. africana (Bedford 1931)PB96 [=Tetrophthalmus africanusPB96; incl. T. australis Bedford 1931PB96, P. australisCM91]
    |    `--‘*Tetrophthalmus’ chilensis Grosse 1885PB96
    |--Plegadiphilus Bedford 1939PB96
    |    |--*P. threskiornis Bedford 1939PB96
    |    `--P. plegadis (Dubinin 1938) [=Menopon plegadis]PB96
    |--Pseudomenopon Mjöberg 1910PB96
    |    |--*P. pilosum (Scopoli 1763) (see below for synonymy)PB96
    |    |--P. australis Price & Emerson 1986PB96
    |    |--P. concretum (Piaget 1880) [=Menopon concretum]PB96
    |    |--P. dolium (Rudow 1869) [=Colpocephalum dolium]PB96
    |    |--P. phoenicuri Price 1974PB96
    |    `--P. scopulacorne (Denny 1842) [=Menopon scopulacorne; incl. M. parumpilosum Piaget 1880]PB96
    `--Trinoton Nitzsch 1818PB96
         |--*T. conspurcatum (Nitzsch 1818) [=Liotheum (*Trinoton) conspurcatum]PB96
         |--T. femoratum Piaget 1880PJ02
         |--T. fluviatile Clay 1963PB96
         |--T. laveryi Clay 1963PB96
         |--T. luridumK08
         |--T. nigrum Le Souëf 1902PB96
         `--T. querquedulae (Linnaeus 1758) [=Pediculus querquedulae]PB96

Actornithophilus incisus (Piaget 1880) [=Colpocephalum incisum, *Clypeodon incisus; incl. Co. epiphanes Kellogg & Chapman 1902, Clypeodon pacificus Timmermann 1955]PB96

Actornithophilus umbrinus (Burmeister 1838) [=Colpocephalum umbrinum; incl. A. albus Emerson 1948, C. spinulosum minor Kellogg & Chapman 1899 non C. minus Piaget 1880, C. morsitans Kellogg & Mann 1912, C. umbrinum Piaget 1880 non Burmeister 1838, C. umbrosum Harrison 1916]PB96

Austromenopon atrofulvum (Piaget 1880) [=Menopon atrofulvum; incl. Au. caspiae Zlotorzycka 1968, Actornithophilus leucopterus Touleshkov 1959]PB96

Austromenopon brevifimbriatum (Piaget 1880) [=Menopon brevifimbriatum; incl. Procellariphaga daptionis Eichler 1949, Austromenopon oschei Timmermann 1963]PB96

Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval & Lacordaire 1835) [=Liotheum decimfasciatum; incl. Colpocephalum castaneum Piaget 1885]PB96

Ciconiphilus pectiniventris (Harrison 1916) [=Colpocephalum pectiniventre, *Anseriphilus pectiniventris, Menopon pectinatum Neumann 1912 non Co. pectinatum Osborn 1902]PB96

Colpocephalum Nitzsch 1818 [incl. Ferrisia Uchida 1926, Liothella Eichler 1947, Neocolpocephalum Ewing 1933, Pelecanigogus Eichler 1949]PB96

Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny 1842 [=*Ferrisia turbinata, *Neocolpocephalum turbinatum; incl. Colpocephalum dissimile major Piaget 1885 non C. caudatum major Piaget 1880]PB96

Holomenopon leucoxanthum (Burmeister 1838) [=Menopon leucoxanthum; incl. M. albofasciatum Piaget 1880, *Holomenopon albofasciatum]PB96

Menacanthus eurysternus (Burmeister 1838)K00 [=Menopon eurysternumK00; incl. Mena. brelihi Balát 1981K00, Mena. minusculus Blagoveshtchensky 1940PB96, Mena. mutabilis Blagoveshtchensky 1940PB96, Mena. pius Eichler & Zlotorzycka 1963PB96, Mena. remizae Blagoveshtchensky 1940K00, Menopon spinosum Piaget 1880PB96]

Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch 1818)T62 [=Liotheum (Menopon) stramineumPB96, Eomenacanthus stramineusT62, Pediculus meleagridis Panzer 1798 non Linnaeus 1758PB96; incl. Menopon biseriatum Piaget 1880PB96]

*Menopon gallinae (Linnaeus 1758) [=Pediculus gallinae, Nirmus trigonocephalus Olfers 1816; incl. Liotheum (Menopon) pallidum Nitzsch 1818]PB96

Myrsidea Waterston 1915 [incl. Acolpocephalum Ewing 1927, Allomyrsidea Conci 1942, Australmenopon Conci 1942, Densidea Zlotorzycka 1964]PB96

Piagetiella Neumann 1906 [=Piagetia Picaglia 1884 non Ritsema 1872; incl. Tetrophthalmus Grosse 1885 non Kirby 1827]PB96

*Pseudomenopon pilosum (Scopoli 1763) [=Pediculus pilosus; incl. Menopon tridens major Piaget 1880 non M. major Piaget 1880, Pseudomenopon thompsoni Eicher 1937, M. tridens Burmeister 1838, Ps. tridens]PB96

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BP04] Banks, J. C., & A. M. Paterson. 2004. A penguin-chewing louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) phylogeny derived from morphology. Invertebrate Systematics 18: 89–100.

[CM91] Calaby, J. H., & M. D. Murray. 1991. Phthiraptera (lice). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 421–428. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[E61] Emerson, K. C. 1961. Three new species of Mallophaga from the great horned owl. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 187–192.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HPP80] Horning, D. S., R. L. Palma & R. L. C. Pilgrim. 1980. The lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from the Snares Islands, New Zealand. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 3: 1–17.

[K08] Kellogg, V. L. 1908. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906 vol. 3 section 15. Corrodentia pt 4. Mallophaga. Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri-A. B.: Uppsala.

[K00] Krištofik, J. 2000. Synonymical notes to the Menacanthus species (Phthiraptera, Menoponidae) living on Passeriformes (Aves). Acta Parasitologica 45: 57–58.

[N91] Norris, K. R. 1991. General biology. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 68–108. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PB96] Palma, R. L., & S. C. Barker. 1996. Phthiraptera. In: A. Wells (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 26. Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera pp. 81–247. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[PJ02] Palma, R. L., A. R. Johnson, F. Cezilly, F. Thomas & F. Renard. 2002. Diversity and distribution of feather lice on greater flamingoes (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus) in the Camargue, sothern France. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 87–89.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S69] Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18 (3): 339–342.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: Revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

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