Belongs within: Oestroidea.
Contains: Gasterophilinae.
The Oestridae, bot flies, are large flies whose larvae are parasitic on mammals. Larvae of Cuterebrinae and Hypodermatinae occupy a subdermal position in their host whereas Oestrinae infest the naso-pharyngeal area and Gasterophilinae are intestinal. The Cuterebrinae are found only in the New World and are parasites of rodents and lagomorphs, with the exception of the African elephant parasites Ruttenia loxodontis and Neocuterebra squamosa whose affinities are uncertain. The Oestrinae mostly attack artiodactyls with some species parasitising equids, elephants and kangaroos. The Hypodermatinae include parasites of artiodactyls, rodents and lagomorphs (Wood 1987). Adult bot flies have reduced mouthparts and largely do not feed, though some are known to imbibe fluids by pressing the underside of the head to a damp substrate (Wood 1987).
Characters (from Pape 2010): Large, robust flies (body length 15-25 mm) with reduced mouthparts and body clothed with pilelike setosity. Body colour blackish, yellowish or metallic blue. Antenna usually short. Arista bare, pectinate or plumose. Vein M either almost straight or weakly to strongly bent, vein R1 without knob at level where subcosta joins costa. Legs short and stout, or slender. Abdomen globose or elongate oval. Male terminalia with small and simple sternite 5, cerci and surstyli relatively unmodified or shortened, phallus short and stout, with or without epiphallus.
<==Oestridae [Oestrini] |--Cuterebrinae [Cuterebridae]KP10 | |--Dermatobia hominisW87, P10 | |--AlouattamyiaW87 | |--PseudogametesW87 | |--RogenhoferaW87 | |--Ruttenia loxodontisW87 | |--Neocuterebra squamosaW87 | `--CuterebraP10 | |--C. angustifronsA71 | |--C. austeniSC19 | |--C. baeri Shannon & Greene 1926KP10 | |--C. emasculatorP10 | |--C. fontinellaMBJ83 | |--C. griseaW87 | |--C. hassleriP10 | |--C. latifronsA71 | |--C. semiatraP10 | |--C. tenebrosaP10 | `--C. thomomuris Jellison 1949S69 `--+--Gasterophilidae [Gasterophiloidea]F92 | |--GasterophilinaeKP10 | `--Cobboldia Brauer 1887 [Cobboldiidae, Cobboldiinae]F92 | `--C. elephantis (Steel 1878)F92 `--+--Oestrinae [Pharyngobolinae, Tracheomyiinae]W87 | |--KirkioestrusW87 | |--GedoelstiaW87 | |--Pharyngobolus africanusW87 | |--Tracheomyia macropi Froggatt 1913W87, M64 | |--Cephalopina Stand 1928F92 | | `--C. titillator (Clark 1816)CM91, F92 (see below for synonymy) | |--Rhinoestrus Brauer 1886F92 | | |--*R. purpureus (Brauer 1858) [=Cephalomyia purpurea]F92 | | |--R. latifrons Gan 1947F92 | | `--R. usbekistanicus Gan 1947F92 | `--Oestrus Linnaeus 1758L58 | |--*O. ovis Linnaeus 1758L58 | |--O. haemorrhoidalis Linnaeus 1758L58 | |--O. hominisM66 | `--O. tarandi Linnaeus 1758L58 `--Hypodermatinae [Hypodermatidae]W87 | i. s.: PallasiomyiaW87 | Crivellia silenus (Brauer 1858)F92 |--Portschinskia Semenov 1902 [Portschinskiini]F92 |--Oestroderma Portschinsky 1887 [Oestrodermatini]F92 | |--*O. potanini Portschinsky 1887F92 | |--O. qinghaiense Fan 1984F92 | |--O. schubini (Grunin 1965) [=Teba schubini]F92 | |--O. sichuanense Fan & Feng 1984F92 | `--O. xizangense Fan 1982F92 |--Oestromyia Brauer 1860 [Oestromyiini]F92 | |--O. leporina (Pallas 1778) (see below for synonymy)F92 | |--O. kozlowi Portschinsky 1902F92 | |--O. marmotae Gedoelst 1915F92 | |--O. prodigiosa Grunin 1949F92 | `--O. scroticuligera Pleske 1928F92 `--HypodermatiniF92 |--Przhevalskiana Grunin 1948F92 |--Pavlovskiata Grunin 1949F92 |--Strobiloestrus Brauer 1892F92 |--Oedemagena Latreille 1818F92 | `--O. tarandi (Linnaeus 1758)F92 [=Hypoderma (Oedemagena) tarandiW87] `--Hypoderma Latreille 1818F92 |--*H. bovis (Linnaeus 1758) [=Oestrus bovis]F92 |--H. actaeonP10 |--H. diana Brauer 1858F92 |--H. lineatum (De Villers 1789) [=Oestrus lineatus]F92 |--H. qinghaiense Fan 1982F92 `--H. sinense Pleske 1926F92 Oestridae incertae sedis: Novoberendtia balticaRJ93 AdipteritesZ02 CephenomyiinaeF92 |--Pharyngomyia Schiner 1861F92 `--Cephenomyia Latreille 1818F92 |--C. jellisoniP10 |--C. phobiferWT11 |--C. rufibarbisP10 `--C. trompe (Modeer 1786)F92 Aulacephala Macq. 1850R01 `--A. badia Gerst. 1863R01
Cephalopina titillator (Clark 1816)CM91, F92 [=Oestrus titillatorF92; incl. O. maculatus Wiedemann 1830F92, *Cephalopina maculataF92]
Oestromyia leporina (Pallas 1778) [=Oestrus leporinus; incl. Hypoderma satyrus Brauer 1858, *Oestromyia satyrus]F92
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.
[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).
[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.
[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine’s fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.
[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.
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[M64] Mykytowycz, R. 1964. A survey of the endoparasites of the red kangaroo Megaleia rufa (Desmarest). Parasitology 54: 677–693.
[P10] Pape, T. 2010. Oestridae (bot flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1305–1311. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.
[R01] Ricardo, G. 1901. Notes on Diptera from South Africa (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 89–110.
[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.
[S69] Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18 (3): 339–342.
[SC19] Stireman, J. O., III, P. Cerretti, J. E. O’Hara, J. D. Blaschke & J. K. Moulton. 2019. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of world Tachinidae (Diptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 139: 106358.
[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.
[W87] Wood, D. M. 1987. Oestridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1147–1158. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.
[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 331–388. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.