Onagraceae

Belongs within: Myrtales.
Contains: Gayophytum, Camissonia section Camissonia, Camissonia section Chylismia, Camissonia section Eremothera, Camissonia section Holostigma, Oenothera section Oenothera, Clarkia, Lopezia section Lopezia, Epilobium section Epilobium, Epilobium section Lysimachion.

The Onagraceae is a family of more than 600 species of flowering plant around the world. Some species, such as members of the genus Fuchsia, are popular garden plants. Nearly half the species of Onagraceae are placed in the genus Epilobium, the fireweeds and willowherbs, a group of perennial herbs of which many are rapid colonisers of disturbed ground. Boisduvalia is a small genus related to Epilobium but distinguished by its annual habit and ecomose seeds (Raven & Moore 1965). Circaea, enchanter’s nightshade, are perennial herbs growing from tuber-tipped rhizomes or stolons, with flowers bearing two petals and bur-like fruits covered with hooked hairs. Oenothera, evening primroses, bear radial, four-petaled flowers with a deeply lobed stigma (Hickman 1993). Fuchsia is a genus of shrubs, small trees and lianas found in Australasia and South America, bearing usually pendent flowers and baccate fruits (Allan 1961).

Ludwigia, the primrose-willows, is a pantropical genus of aquatic to subaquatic plants that may grow rooted in the soil or floating at the water surface. Species have persistent sepals whereas petals are often easily deciduous (Hickman 1993).

I said primrose-willows, darling

Published 18 June 2015

The plant shown in the photo above (copyright Forest and Kim Starr) is Ludwigia octovalvis, commonly known (along with other species in the same genus) as primrose-willow. This is a very common plant in tropical and subtropical regions around the world; indeed, it is so widespread that we have little idea where in the world it originated*. The name ‘primrose-willow’ derives, of course, from its combination of primrose-like flowers with willow-like leaves, but it is no close relation to either. Primrose-willows belong to the Onagraceae, the same plant family as evening primrose or fuchsias. Ludwigia octovalvis is a shrubby plant, sometimes growing up to four metres in height. Lower parts of the stem may become woody with age, but the greater part of the plant is herbaceous. It prefers to grow in damp habitats, in swampy soil or alongside streams, even rooted in ponds. The seeds are minute and easily spread by water or mixed in with other materials. They are also durable: Raven (1977) refers to the possibility of propagating Ludwigia from seeds preserved in herbarium specimens.

*Which, if one were of a panbiogeographical bent, might be taken to indicate that it has survived unchanged since the Triassic at least.

Ludwigia octovalvis may even grow as floating mats upon the surface of water. The floating roots then produce spongy, upright branches called aerophores. These have been interpreted as floatation devices, but the plant is apparently perfectly buoyant without them. It is more likely that they allow oxygen to reach the waterlogged roots. The lower part of the stem may also become covered in aerenchyma, porous tissue that also aids in the diffusion of gases. If conditions dry up and the plant becomes rooted in the ground, the aerophores disappear and the roots resume their normal rootly business.

Primrose-willows are generally toxic to humans. In the usual way, I have come across references to Ludwigia octovalvis being used folk-medicinally, mostly to help with ailments of the digestive tract such as diarrhoea and worms. A quick look through Google Scholar indicates that this has lead to a certain degree of pharmaceutical research, but so far this doesn’t seem to have lead to much major commercial application. At the present point in time, the main economic impact of Ludwigia octovalvis is as a weed. It can grow mixed in with fields of crops such as rice and taro, or particularly lush patches of primrose-willow may clog up waterways. On the flipside, I did find this summary of the species that notes that, “Its yellow flowers add a splash of color to areas often devoid of colorfully flowering plants”.

Systematics of Onagraceae

Characters (Kerenga 1995): Prostrate or erect, annual or perennial herbs (most commonly), shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, occasionally whorled; stipules minute or absent. Flowers mostly solitary in axils, or in spikes, racemes or panicles, hermaphroditic, regular or somewhat zygomorphic, (2–)4(or 5)-merous. Perianth adnate to ovary. Calyx with lobes mostly 4-6, valvate. Petals mostly 4 or 5, sessile or clawed, usually valvate. Stamens inserted at apex of calyx tube, (1 or 2) 4 or 8–12, usually as many as petals. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior, 2- or 4–6-locular (rarely unilocular); placentation axile; ovules many or 1–4. Style usually long, stigma capitate or clavate, often 4-lobed. Fruit a capsule, dehiscing by 4–8 valves, or a berry or nutlet. Seeds many or 1–4, with tuft of long silky hairs or glabrous; endosperm absent.

<==Onagraceae [Oenotheraceae, Onagrarieae]
    |--OnagreaeRM65
    |--CircaeaP93 [CircaeeaeRM65]
    |    |--C. alpinaO88
    |    |    |--C. a. ssp. alpinaH93
    |    |    `--C. a. ssp. pacificaH93
    |    `--C. lutetianaPT01
    |--Fuchsia Linnaeus 1753 [Fuchsieae]A61
    |    |  i. s.: F. boliviana Carr. 1876R77
    |    |         F. coccineaD03
    |    |         F. denticulataPT01
    |    |         F. magellanica Lam. 1788 (see below for synonymy)T90
    |    |           |--F. m. var. magellanicaR77
    |    |           `--F. m. var. gracilisR77
    |    |         F. pringsheimiiJ87
    |    |         F. thymifoliaeBT87
    |    |--*F. triphylla L. 1753T90
    |    `--F. sect. Skinnera (Forster & Forster) DC. 1828 [=Skinnera Forster & Forster 1776]A61
    |         |--F. colensoi Hooker 1867A61
    |         |--F. cyrtandroidesA61
    |         |--F. excorticata (Forster & Forster) Linn. f. 1781 [=Skinnera excorticata Forster & Forster 1776]A61
    |         |--F. perscandens Cockayne & Allan 1927A61
    |         `--F. procumbens Cunn. 1839 [incl. F. kirkii Kirk 1869]A61
    |--Lopezia Cav. 1791 [incl. Pisaura Bonato 1793; Lopezieae]PRB73
    |    |  i. s.: L. bracteata Rafin. 1840 (n. d.)PRB73
    |    |--L. sect. Diplandra (Hook. & Arn.) Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973 [=Diplandra Hook. & Arn. 1836]PRB73
    |    |    `--L. lopezioides (Hook. & Arn.) Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973 [=*Diplandra lopezioides Hook. & Arn. 1836]PRB73
    |    `--+--L. sect. Riesenbachia (Presl) Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973 (see below for synonymy)PRB73
    |       |    |--L. riesenbachia Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973 [=*Riesenbachia racemosa Presl 1831]PRB73
    |       |    `--L. semeiandra Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973 [=*Semeiandra grandiflora Hook. & Arn. 1836]PRB73
    |       `--+--L. sect. LopeziaPRB73
    |          |--L. sect. Jehlia (Rose) Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973 [=Jehlia Rose 1909; incl. Pseudolopezia Rose 1909]PRB73
    |          |    |--L. longiflora Decaisne 1854 (see below for synonymy)PRB73
    |          |    `--+--L. grandiflora Zucc. 1832 [=Jehlia grandiflora (Zucc.) Rose 1909]PRB73
    |          |       |    |--L. g. ssp. grandiflora (see below for synonymy)PRB73
    |          |       |    `--L. g. ssp. macrophylla (Benth.) Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973 (see below for synonymy)PRB73
    |          |       `--L. langmaniae Miranda 1953PRB73
    |          |--L. sect. Nannolopezia Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973PRB73
    |          |    `--L. (sect. *Nannolopezia) gracilis Wats. 1886PRB73
    |          `--L. sect. Pelozia (Rose) Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973 [=Pelozia Rose 1909]PRB73
    |               |--L. laciniata (Rose) Jones 1929 [=*Pelozia laciniata Rose 1909]PRB73
    |               |    |--L. l. ssp. laciniataPRB73
    |               |    `--L. l. ssp. ovata Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973PRB73
    |               |--L. clavata Brandegee 1889 [=Pelozia clavata (Brandegee) Rose 1909]PRB73
    |               |--L. gentryi (Munz) Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973 [=L. laciniata ssp. gentryi Munz 1961]PRB73
    |               `--L. sinaloensis Munz 1961PRB73
    |--Ludwigia Linné 1753T90 [=LudvigiaT90; incl. Jussiaea Linné 1753T90, Nematopyxis Miq. 1855R77; JussiaeeaeR77]
    |    |  i. s.: L. adscendens (Linnaeus) Hara 1953K95 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         L. decurrens Walt. 1788 [=Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) DC. 1828]L95
    |    |         L. erecta (L.) Hara 1953 [=Jussiaea erecta L. 1753; incl. J. acuminata Sw. 1800, J. plumeriana Bello 1881]L95
    |    |         L. helminthorrhizaR77
    |    |         L. hyssopifolia (Don) Exell 1957 (see below for synonymy)K95
    |    |         L. leptocarpa (Nutt.) Hara 1953 (see below for synonymy)L95
    |    |         L. octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven 1926K95 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |           |--L. o. ssp. octovalvisK95
    |    |           `--L. o. ssp. sessiliflora (Mich.) Raven 1962K95, T90 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         L. perennis Linnaeus 1753K95 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         L. prostrata Roxb. 1820T90 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         L. stoloniferaGC05
    |    |--*L. alternifolia L. 1753T90
    |    |--L. sect. DantiaH93
    |    |    |--L. palustris (L.) Elliott 1817H93, L95 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--L. repens Forster 1771H93, K95 [incl. L. natans var. stipitataH93, L. repens var. stipitataM68]
    |    |--L. (sect. Myrtocarpus) peruviana (Linné) Hara 1953 (see below for synonymy)R77
    |    `--L. sect. OligospermumH93
    |         |--L. hexapetalaH93 [incl. Jussiaea grandifloraM68, J. michauxianaM68, J. uruguayensisH93, Ludwigia uruguayensisM68]
    |         `--L. peploides (Kunth) Raven 1963H93, L95 (see below for synonymy)
    |              |--L. p. ssp. peploidesH93
    |              `--L. p. ssp. montevidensis (Sprengel) Raven 1963T90 (see below for synonymy)
    `--EpilobieaeRM65
         |--Boisduvalia Spach 1835 (see below for synonymy)RM65
         |    |--B. sect. Boisduvalia (see below for synonymy)RM65
         |    |    `--B. subulata (Ruiz & Pav.) Raimann in Engl. & Prantl 1893 (see below for synonymy)RM65
         |    |--B. sect. Currania Munz 1941RM65
         |    |    |--B. (sect. *C.) cleistogama Curran 1884RM65 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |    `--B. glabella (Nutt.) Walp. 1843RM65 (see below for synonymy)
         |    `--B. sect. Pachydium (Fisch. & Mey.) Endl. 1840 [=Oenothera sect. Pachydium Fisch. & Mey. 1835]RM65
         |         |--B. (sect. *P.) densiflora (Lindl.) Wats. 1876RM65 (see below for synonymy)
         |         |--B. macrantha Heller 1905RM65 (see below for synonymy)
         |         `--B. stricta (Gray) Greene 1891RM65 (see below for synonymy)
         `--Epilobium Linnaeus 1753A61
              |  i. s.: E. brunnescens (Cockayne) Raven & Engelhorn 1971T90 [=E. pedunculare var. brunnescens Cockayne 1918A61]
              |           |--E. b. ssp. brunnescensT90
              |           `--E. b. ssp. beaugleholei West & Raven 1977T90
              |         E. coloratumJ87
              |         E. conspersumO88
              |         E. curtisiae Raven 1963 (see below for synonymy)T90
              |         E. cylindricumO88
              |         E. denticulatum Ruiz & Pav. 1798-1802 [incl. E. pedicellare Presl 1831]A61
              |         E. dodonaeiP93
              |         E. fugitivum Raven & Engelhorn 1971T90
              |         E. glaucumD03
              |         E. gunnianum Hausskn. 1879 [incl. E. diversifolium Hausskn. 1879, E. erosum Hausskn. 1884]T90
              |         E. montanumBBO01
              |         E. nankotaizaneseCP02
              |         E. nerteroides Cunn. 1839T90
              |         E. obscurum Schreber 1771T90
              |         E. parviflorum Schreber 1771T90
              |         E. perpusillum Hausskn. 1884T90
              |         E. roseum Schreber 1771T90
              |         E. royleanumO88
              |         E. sarmentaceum Hausskn. 1879T90
              |         E. sikkimenseO88
              |           |--E. s. ssp. sikkimenseO88
              |           `--E. s. ssp. ludlowianumO88
              |         E. spicatumC74
              |         E. tetragonum L. 1753 [=E. glabellum var. tetragonum (L.) Maiden & Betche 1916]T90
              |         E. williamsiiO88
              |         E. willisii Raven & Engelhorn 1971T90
              |--E. sect. EpilobiumH93
              |--E. sect. LysimachionA61
              `--E. sect. ZauschneriaH93
                   |--E. canumH93 [=Zauschneria canaD51]
                   |    |--E. c. ssp. canumH93 [incl. Zauschneria californica ssp. angustifoliaM68, Z. californicaH93]
                   |    |--E. c. ssp. garrettiiH93
                   |    |--E. c. ssp. latifolium non E. latifolium [=Zauschneria californica ssp. latifolia]H93
                   |    `--‘Zauschneria californica’ ssp. mexicana (see below for synonymy)M68
                   `--E. septentrionale [=E. canum ssp. septentrionale, Zauschneria septentrionalis]H93

Onagraceae incertae sedis:
  GongylocarpusPRB73
  Palaeeucharidium cellulare Reid & Chandler 1933CBH93
  TrivestibulopollenitesCBH93
  JussitriporitesCBH93
  Kneiffia Spach 1835KC01
  Phaeostoma Spach 1835KC01
  GodetiaC06
    |--G. amoenaD37
    `--G. whitneyiD51
  Gaura L. 1753T90
    |  i. s.: G. lindheimeri Engelm. & Gray 1845T90
    |         G. odorataM68
    |--*G. biennis L. 1753T90
    |--G. (sect. Campogaura) coccinea [incl. G. coccinea var. glabra]H93
    |--G. (sect. Schizocarya) parviflora Douglas in Hooker 1833H93, T90 [incl. G. parviflora var. lachnocarpaH93]
    |--G. (sect. Stipogaura) sinuata [incl. G. sinuata var. mckelveyae]H93
    `--G. (sect. Xenogaura) drummondiiH93
  ChamerionHS98 [incl. Epilobium sect. ChamaenerionH93]
    |--C. angustifolium [=Epilobium angustifolium]HS98
    |    |--C. a. ssp. angustifoliumH93
    |    `--‘Epilobium’ a. ssp. circumvagumH93 (see below for synonymy)
    `--‘Epilobium’ latifoliumH93 [=Chamaenerium latifoliumH44]
         |--E. l. ssp. latifoliumO88
         `--E. l. ssp. speciosumO88
  GayophytumH93
  CamissoniaPRB73
    |  i. s.: C. angelorumMF68
    |         C. dentataRM65 [=Oenothera dentataRM65, Sphaerostigma dentatumM68; incl. O. contorta var. epilobioidesM68]
    |--C. sect. CamissoniaH93
    |--C. (sect. Chlismiella) pterosperma [=Oenothera pterosperma]H93
    |--C. sect. ChylismiaH93
    |--C. sect. EremotheraH93
    |--C. (sect. Eulobus) californica [=Eulobus californicus; incl. Oenothera leptocarpa]H93
    |--C. sect. HolostigmaH93
    |--C. sect. LignotheraH93
    |    |--C. arenariaH93 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--C. cardiophylla [=Oenothera cardiophylla]H93
    |         |--C. c. ssp. cardiophyllaH93
    |         `--C. c. ssp. robusta non C. robusta [=Oenothera cardiophylla ssp. robusta]H93
    |--C. (sect. Nematocaulis) andina [=Oenothera andina]H93
    `--C. sect. TetrapteronH93
         |--C. graciliflora [=Oenothera graciliflora]H93
         |--C. ovata [=Oenothera ovata]H93
         |--C. palmeri [=Oenothera palmeri]H93
         |--C. subacaulisH93 (see below for synonymy)
         `--C. tanacetifolia [=Oenothera tanacetifolia]H93
              |--C. t. ssp. tanacetifoliaH93
              `--C. t. ssp. quadriperforataH93
  Oenothera L. 1753T90
    |  i. s.: O. abramsii [incl. O. micrantha var. exfoliata]M68
    |         O. acaulisT90
    |         O. affinis Cambess. in Saint-Hilaire 1829 [incl. O. diplotricha Domin 1928]T90
    |         O. albicaulisJ23
    |         O. blandinaD51
    |         O. breviflora [=Camissonia breviflora]M68
    |         O. cambricaV09
    |         O. drummondii Hook. 1830T90
    |         O. grandifloraKSM06
    |         O. indecora Cambess. in Saint-Hilaire 1829T90
    |           |--O. i. ssp. indecoraT90
    |           `--O. i. ssp. bonariensis Dietr. 1977T90
    |         O. × issleriBO08
    |         O. jamesiiH06
    |         O. lamarckianaC96
    |         O. longiflora L. 1771T90 [=O. caespitosa var. longifloraM68]
    |         O. mollissima L. 1753T90
    |         O. muricataC55
    |         O. odorata Jacq. 1795T90
    |         O. organensisD51
    |         O. sinuata L. 1771T90
    |         O. tetraptera Cav. 1796T90
    |         O. triloba Nutt. 1821T90
    |         O. × vigeneriBO08
    |         O. walkeriM68
    |--O. sect. OenotheraH93
    |--O. sect. AnograH93
    |    |--O. californicaH93
    |    |    |--O. c. ssp. californica [incl. O. californica var. glabrata]H93
    |    |    |--O. c. ssp. avitaH93
    |    |    `--O. c. ssp. eurekensisH93 [=O. avita ssp. eurekensisH93, O. deltoides ssp. eurekensisM68]
    |    `--O. deltoidesH93 [incl. O. deltoides var. cineraceaM68]
    |         |--O. d. ssp. deltoidesKIW98
    |         |--O. d. ssp. cognataH93
    |         |--O. d. ssp. howelliiKIW98
    |         `--O. d. ssp. piperiH93
    |--O. (sect. Contortae) xylocarpaH93
    |--O. (sect. Eremia) primiverisH93 [=Lavauxia primiverisM68; incl. O. johnsoniM68]
    |    |--O. p. ssp. primiverisH93
    |    |--O. p. ssp. bufonisH93 [incl. Lavauxia lobataM68]
    |    `--O. p. ssp. caulescensM68
    |--O. (sect. Hartmannia) rosea L’Hér. ex Aiton 1789H93, T90
    |--O. (sect. Lauvaxia) flavaH93
    |--O. (sect. Pachylophus) caespitosaH93
    |    |--O. c. ssp. caespitosaH93
    |    |--O. c. ssp. crinitaH93
    |    `--O. c. ssp. marginataH93
    `--O. (sect. Xylopleurum) speciosa Nutt. 1821H93, T90 [incl. O. speciosa var. childsiiH93]
  ClarkiaSDZ97

Boisduvalia Spach 1835 [=Oenothera group Boisduvalia (Spach) Lév. 1908, O. sect. Boisduvalia (Spach) Torr. & Gray 1840; incl. Cratericarpium Spach 1835]^RM65

Boisduvalia sect. Boisduvalia [=Oenothera sect. Dictyopetalum Fisch. & Mey. 1835, B. sect. Dictyopetalum (Fisch. & Mey.) Endl. 1840, B. sect. Euboisduvalia Munz 1941]^RM65

Boisduvalia densiflora (Lindl.) Wats. 1876^RM65 [=Oenothera densiflora Lindl. 1833^RM65, Epilobium densiflorum^H93, Boisduvalia douglasii Spach 1835^RM65; incl. B. bipartita Greene 1895^RM65, B. densiflora var. bipartita (Greene) Jeps. 1911^RM65, B. densiflora var. imbricata Greene 1891^RM65, B. densiflora var. genuina f. imbricata (Greene) Munz 1941^RM65, B. imbricata (Greene) Heller 1904^RM65, Oenothera densiflora var. imbricata (Greene) Lév. 1908^RM65, B. densiflora var. montanus Jeps. 1901^RM65, B. densiflora var. pallescens Suksd. 1900^RM65, Oenothera salicina Nutt. in Torrey & Gray 1840^RM65, B. densiflora var. salicina (Rydb.) Munz 1941^RM65, B. salicina Rydb. 1913^RM65, B. sparsiflora Heller 1904^RM65]

Boisduvalia cleistogama Curran 1884^RM65 [=Epilobium cleistogamum^H93, Oenothera cleistogama (Curran) Lév. 1908^RM65]

Boisduvalia glabella (Nutt.) Walp. 1843^RM65 [=Oenothera glabella Nutt. in Torrey & Gray 1840^RM65; incl. B. campestris Jeps. 1901^RM65, B. glabella var. campestris (Jeps.) Jeps. 1911^RM65, Oenothera glabella race commixta Guffroy ex Lév. 1908^RM65, O. commixta Guffroy ex Lév. 1908^RM65, B. diffusa Greene 1895^RM65, O. pygmaea Speg. 1899^RM65, B. pygmaea (Speg.) Munz 1933^RM65, Epilobium pygmaeum^H93]

Boisduvalia macrantha Heller 1905^RM65 [incl. B. pallida Eastw. 1937^RM65, Epilobium pallidum non E. wilsonii var. pallidum Simpson & Thomson 1940^H93]

Boisduvalia stricta (Gray) Greene 1891^RM65 [=Gayophytum strictum Gray 1868^RM65; incl. B. parviflora Heller 1897^RM65, Oenothera densiflora var. tenella Gray 1872^RM65, O. torreyi Wats. 1873^RM65, Boisduvalia torreyi (Wats.) Wats. 1876^RM65, Epilobium torreyi^H93, Oenothera torreyoides Lév. 1908^RM65]

Boisduvalia subulata (Ruiz & Pav.) Raimann in Engl. & Prantl 1893 [=Oenothera subulata Ruiz & Pav. 1802, O. uniflora Gill. ex Hook. & Arn. in Hook. 1833; incl. Boisduvalia andina Phil. 1864–1865, *Cratericarpium argyrophyllum Spach 1835, Oenothera concinna Don in Sweet 1833, *Boisduvalia (sect. *Dictyopetalum) concinna (Don) Spach 1835, O. subulata race concinna (Don) Lév. 1908, O. gauroides Kuntze 1898, Nierembergia subdentata Meyen 1843, Boisduvalia tocornalii Gay 1846, V. volckmanni Phil. 1859–1860, Oenothera volkmanni (Phil.) Lév. & Guffr. 1908]^RM65

Camissonia arenaria^H93 [=Chylismia arenaria^M68, Oenothera arenaria^H93; incl. O. cardiophylla var. longituba^M68, O. cardiophylla var. splendens^M68]

Camissonia subacaulis^H93 [=Jussiaea subacaulis^M68, Oenothera subacaulis^H93; incl. O. heterantha^M68, O. subacaulis var. taraxacifolia^H93]

‘Epilobium’ angustifolium ssp. circumvagum^H93 [incl. E. angustifolium var. macrophyllum non E. junceum var. macrophylla Haussknecht 1884]^M68

Epilobium curtisiae Raven 1963 [=Oenothera tasmanica Hook. 1847 non E. tasmanicum Haussknecht 1884, Boisduvalia tasmanica (Hook.) Munz 1941]^T90

Fuchsia magellanica Lam. 1788 [incl. F. macrostema Ruíz Lopez & Pavón 1802, F. magellanica var. macrostema (Ruíz Lopez & Pavón) Munz 1943, F. magellanica var. molinae Espinosa 1929]^T90

Lopezia grandiflora Zucc. 1832 ssp. grandiflora [incl. L. galeottii Planch. 1851–1852, Jehlia galeottii (Planch.) Sprague & Riley 1924]^PRB73

Lopezia grandiflora ssp. macrophylla (Benth.) Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973 [=L. macrophylla Benth. 1841, *Jehlia macrophylla (Benth.) Rose 1909, L. macrantha (l. c.)]^PRB73

Lopezia longiflora Decaisne 1854 [=Pseudolopezia longiflora (Decaisne) Rose 1909; incl. L. insignis Hemsl. 1878, *P. insignis (Hemsl.) Rose 1909]^PRB73

Lopezia sect. Riesenbachia (Presl) Plitmann, Raven & Breedlove 1973 [=Riesenbachia Presl 1831; incl. Semeiandra Hook. & Arn. 1836]^PRB73

Ludwigia adscendens (Linnaeus) Hara 1953^K95 [=Jussiaea adscendens Linnaeus 1767^K95; incl. J. repens ssp. glabrata f. albiflora Hochr. 1925^R77, J. fluviatilis Bl. 1826^K95, J. repens var. glaberrima O. K. 1891^R77, J. repens var. pilosa O. K. 1891^R77, *J. repens Linnaeus 1753 non Ludwigia repens Forster 1771^{T90, K95}]

Ludwigia hyssopifolia (Don) Exell 1957^K95 [=Jussiaea hyssopifolia Don. 1832^K95; incl. J. fissendocarpa Haines 1920^B72, J. linifolia Vahl 1798 non Ludwigia linifolia Poir 1813^K95, Fissendocarpa linifolia (Vahl) Bennet 1970^B72, J. micrantha Kunze 1851^B72, Ludwigia micrantha (Kunze) Hara 1953^B72, J. prostrata White 1939 non Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. 1814^K95, J. suffruticosa Ridl. 1921 non Linnaeus 1753 K95, J. tenella Burman 1768^R77]

Ludwigia leptocarpa (Nutt.) Hara 1953 [=Jussiaea leptocarpa Nutt. 1818; incl. J. affinis DC. 1828, J. pilosa HBK. 1823 non J. repens var. pilosa O. K. 1891, J. variabilis Meyer 1818]^L95

Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven 1926^K95 [=Oenothera octovalvis Jacq. 1760^K95, Jussiaea octovalvis (Jacq.) Swartz 1791^K95; incl. J. suffruticosa var. acuminata Domin 1928 non J. acuminata Sw. 1800^T90, J. angustifolia Lamk. 1789^K95, J. suffruticosa var. angustifolia (Lam.) Kuntze 1891 non Bailey 1883^L95, J. suffruticosa var. angustifolia Bailey 1883^T90, J. blumeana DC. 1828^R77, J. suffruticosa var. brevifolia Domin 1928^T90, Ludwigia octovalvis ssp. brevisepala (Brenan) Raven 1963^R77, J. burmannii DC. 1828^R77, J. costata Pr. 1849^R77, J. exaltata Roxb. 1832^R77, J. erecta var. exaltata (Roxb.) Ridl. 1921^R77, Ludwigia suffruticosa var. hirta Ridl. 1916 non Oenothera hirta L. 1762^R77, J. suffruticosa var. interstans Domin 1928^T90, J. junghuhniana Miq. 1855^R77, J. suffruticosa var. latifrons Domin 1928^T90, J. suffruticosa var. ligustrifolia Eggers 1879^L95, J. octovalvis var. ligustrifolia (Eggers) Alain 1963^L95, J. suffruticosa var. linearifolia Domin 1928^T90, Ludwigia perennis Burm. f. 1768 non Linnaeus 1753^K95, J. octofila DC. 1828^L95, J. suffruticosa var. octofila (DC.) Léveillé 1894^T90, J. octonervia Lam. 1789^L95, J. pubescens Linnaeus 1762^K95, L. pubescens (Linnaeus) Hara 1953^K95, J. suffruticosa var. sintenisii Urb. 1910^L95, J. suffruticosa Linnaeus 1753 non L. suffruticosa Walt. 1788^K95, J. villosa Lam. 1789^T90, J. suffruticosa var. villosa (Lam.) Kuntze 1891 non Bailey 1883^T90]

Ludwigia octovalvis ssp. sessiliflora (Mich.) Raven 1962^{K95, T90} [=Jussiaea octonervia var. sessiliflora Micheli in von Martius 1875^T90]

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott 1817^{H93, L95} [=Isnardia palustris L. 1753^L95; incl. L. palustris var. americana^H93, L. palustris var. pacifica^H93]

Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven 1963^{H93, L95} [=Jussiaea peploides Kunth 1823^L95, J. repens var. peploides (HBK.) Griseb. 1866^L95; incl. J. repens var. californica^M68, J. swartziana DC. 1828^L95]

Ludwigia peploides ssp. montevidensis (Sprengel) Raven 1963^T90 [=Jussiaea montevidensis Sprengel 1825^T90, J. repens var. montevidensis^H93; incl. J. repens f. brevipes Domin 1913^T90, J. repens var. clarenciana Léveillé 1894^T90, J. repens f. longipes Domin 1913^T90]

Ludwigia perennis Linnaeus 1753^K95 [=Jussiaea perennis Brenan 1953^R77; incl. L. gracilis Miq. 1853^K95, L. lythroides Bl. 1826^K95, L. parviflora Roxburgh 1820^K95]

Ludwigia peruviana (Linné) Hara 1953 [=Jussiaea peruviana Linné 1753; incl. Oenothera hirta Linné 1762, Jussieua hirta (Linné) Sw. 1791 non Lamk 1789, Jussiaea speciosa Ridl. 1921]^R77

Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. 1820^T90 [=Nematopyxis prostrata Miq. 1855^R77; incl. L. fruticulosa Bl. 1826^R77, N. fruticulosa Miq. 1855^R77, L. leucorhiza Bl. 1826^R77, N. pusilla Miq. 1855^R77]

‘Zauschneria californica’ ssp. mexicana [incl. Z. eastwoodae, Z. velutina, Z. californica var. villosa]^M68

*Type species of generic name indicated

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