Belongs within: Opisthokonta.
Contains: Microsporea.
The Opisthosporidia are a clade of intracellular parasites variously treated as basal fungi or the sister group to fungi. Members include the Microsporidia, usually found in animals, which penetrate the cells of their hosts by means of an extrusive polar tube (Adl et al. 2019).
Characters (Adl et al. 2019): Opisthokont intracellular parasites/parasitoids with amoeboid vegetative stage. Invasive spores/cysts with chitin cell wall and specialised apparatus for penetration into host cell (penetration tube; posterior vacuole); if present, zoospores with filopodia and/or posteriorly directed whiplash cilium (functional or rudimental); phagotrophic or osmotrophic.
<==OpisthosporidiaAB19
|--Rozella Cornu 1872JK06, AS12 (see below for synonymy)
| `--R. allomycis Faust 1937AB19
|--Microsporidia [Microspora, Microsporidea, Polysporidae]JK06
| | i. s.: MicrosporidiumBJ02
| | |--M. ceylonensisN00
| | |--M. phytoseiuliBJ02
| | `--M. weiseriCM07
| |--MicrosporeaC-S98
| `--Metchnikovellidae [Manubrispora, Metchnikovellea, Metchnikovellida, Rudimicrosporea]VD-VW14
| |--Amphiamblys Caullery & Mesnil 1914VD-VW14, CV02
| | `--*A. capitellides (Caullery & Mesnil 1897)CV02
| `--Metchnikovella Caullery & Mesnil 1897CV02
| |--*M. spionis Caullery & Mesnil 1897CV02
| |--M. hovassei Vivier 1965CV02
| `--M. wohlfarthi Hildebrand & Vivier 1971CV02
`--Aphelidea (see below for synonymy)AB19
|--ParaphelidiumAB19
|--Pseudaphelidium Schweikert & Schnepf 1996G00
| `--*P. drebesii Schweikert & Schnepf 1996G00
|--Amoeboaphelidium Scherffel 1925G00
| |--*A. achnanthides Scherffel 1925G00
| |--A. chlorellavorum Gromov & Mamkaeva 1968G00
| |--A. protococcarum Gromov & Mamkaeva 1968G00
| `--A. radiatum Gromov & Mamkaeva 1969G00
`--Aphelidium Zopf 1885G00
|--*A. deformans Zopf 1885G00
|--A. chaetophorae Scherffel 1925G00
|--A. chlorococcarum Fott 1957 [incl. A. chlorococcarum f. majus Gromov & Mamkaeva 1970]G00
|--A. lacerans Bruyne 1890G00
|--A. melosirae Scherffel 1925G00
`--A. tribonemae Scherffel 1925G00
Aphelidea [Aphelida, Aphelidiaceae, Aphelidida, Aphelididae, Aphelidiomyceta, Aphelidiomycetes, Aphelidiomycota, Aphelidiomycotina]AB19
Rozella Cornu 1872JK06, AS12 [=Rozia Cornu 1872KC01; incl. Pleolpidium Fisch. 1892KC01, Skirgiellia Batko 1978KC01; Cryptomycota, Rozellida, Rozellomycota, Rozellomycotina, Rozellosporidia]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[AB19] Adl, S. M., D. Bass, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov, S. Agatha, C. Berney, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, P. Cárdenas, I. Čepička, L. Chistyakova, J. del Campo, M. Dunthorn, B. Edvardsen, Y. Eglit, L. Guillou, V. Hampl, A. A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, T. Y. James, A. Karnkowska, S. Karpov, E. Kim, M. Kolisko, A. Kudryavtsev, D. J. G. Lahr, E. Lara, L. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. Massana, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. Morrow, J. S. Park, J. W. Pawlowski, M. J. Powell, D. J. Richter, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, S. Shimano, F. W. Spiegel, G. Torruella, N. Youssef, V. Zlatogursky & Q. Zhang. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119.
[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.
[BJ02] Becnel, J. J., A. Jeyaprakash, M. A. Hoy & A. Shapiro. 2002. Morphological and molecular characterization of a new microsporidian species from the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari, Phytoseiidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 79: 163–172.
[CV02] Canning, E. U., & J. Vavra. 2002. Phylum Microsporida Balbiani, 1882. In: Lee, J. J., G. F. Leedale & P. Bradbury (eds) An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa: Organisms traditionally referred to as Protozoa, or newly discovered groups 2nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 39–126. Society of Protozoologists: Lawrence (Kansas).
[C-S98] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203–266.
[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).
[G00] Gromov, B. V. 2000. Algal parasites of the genera Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium, and Pseudaphelidium from Cienkovski’s “Monadinea” group as representatives of a new class. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 79 (5): 517–525 (translated: Entomological Review 80 (Suppl. 1): S26–S34).
[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O’Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O’Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.
[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 9th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[N00] Nichols, G. L. 2000. Food-borne protozoa. British Medical Bulletin 56 (1): 209–235.
[VD-VW14] Vossbrinck, C. R., B. A. Debrunner-Vossbrinck & L. M. Weiss. 2014. Phylogeny of the Microsporidia. In: L. M. Weiss, & J. J. Becnel (eds) Microsporidia: Pathogens of Opportunity pp. 203–220. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.