Orthoceratidae

Belongs within: Orthoceratida.
Contains: Orthoceras.

The Orthoceratidae includes orthocerid cephalopods from the Lower Ordovician to Upper Triassic; however, it is mostly defined by negative characteristics and its monophyly is potentially suspect. Some orthoceratids reached very large sizes.

Characters (from Sweet 1964): Smooth or elaborately ornamented conchs, generally subcircular in cross-section; central or subcentral siphuncle generally lacking endosiphuncular deposits.

<==Orthoceratidae [Orthocerotidae]
    |  i. s.: Wardoceras orygoforme Hook & Flower 1977K93
    |--OrthoceratinaeS64
    |    |--OrthocerasS64
    |    |--Bifoveoceras Balashov 1956S64
    |    |    `--*B. bifoveatum (Noetling 1884) [=Orthoceras bifoveatum]S64
    |    `--Ctenoceras Noetling 1884 [incl. Palaeocycloceras Shimizu & Obata 1936]S64
    |         `--*C. schmidtii Noetling 1884S64
    |--Kionoceratinae [Ohioceratidae]S64
    |    |--Ohioceras Shimizu & Obata 1935S64
    |    |    `--*O. myrice (Hall & Whitfield 1875) [=Cyrtoceras myrice]S64
    |    |--Parakionoceras Foerste 1928S64
    |    |    `--*P. originale (Barrande 1868) [=Orthoceras originale]S64
    |    |--Polygrammoceras Foerste in Twenhofel 1928S64
    |    |    `--*P. twenhofeli Foerste in Twenhofel 1928S64
    |    |--Thoracoceras Fischer de Waldheim 1844 (see below for synonymy)S64
    |    |    |--*T. vestitum Fischer de Waldheim 1844S64
    |    |    |--T. canaliculatum [=Cyrtoceras canaliculatum]H84
    |    |    |--T. corbulum [=Cyrtoceras corbulum]H84
    |    |    `--T. puzosianum [=Cyrtoceras puzosianum]H84
    |    `--Kionoceras Hyatt 1884S64
    |         |--*K. doricum (Barrande 1868) [=Orthoceras doricum]S64
    |         |--K. angulatumT64
    |         |--K. austini Foerste 1928P68
    |         |--K. barbense Foerste 1936P68
    |         |--K. fililineatum Foerste 1928P68
    |         |--K. hyattiT64
    |         |--K. orus [=Orthoceras (Kionoceras) orus]P68
    |         |--K. paucicostatumP68
    |         |--K. scalariformeP68
    |         `--K. strixP68
    `--Michelinoceratinae [Michelinoceratidae, Michelinocerotidae]S64
         |--Arkonoceras Flower 1945S64
         |    `--*A. arkonense (Whiteaves 1898) [=Orthoceras arkonense]S64
         |--Balticoceras Teichert 1940S64
         |    `--*B. discors (Eichwald 1857) [=Trematoceras discors]S64
         |--Eotripteroceras Flower 1943S64
         |    `--*E. minutum Flower 1943S64
         |--Hesperoceras Miller & Youngquist 1947S64
         |    `--*H. laudoni Miller & Youngquist 1947S64
         |--Pleurorthoceras Flower 1962 (see below for synonymy)S64
         |    |--*P. clarkesvillense (Foerste 1924) [=Orthoceras clarkesvillense]S64
         |    `--‘Orthoceras’ selkirkense Whiteaves 1892 [=*Foersteoceras selkirkense, *Shimizuoceras selkirkense]S64
         |--Trematoceras Eichwald 1851S64
         |    |--*T. elegans (Münster 1841) [=Orthoceratites elegans]S64
         |    `--T. politumS64
         |--Bitaunioceras Shimizu & Obata 1936S64
         |    |--*B. bitauniense (Haniel 1915) [=Orthoceras bitauniense]S64
         |    |--B. coahuilenseS64
         |    `--B. texanum Miller & Youngquist 1947P68
         |--Michelinoceras Foerste 1932S64
         |    |--*M. michelini (Barrande 1866) [=Orthoceras michelini]S64
         |    |--M. anguliferumT64
         |    |    |--M. a. anguliferumT64
         |    |    `--M. a. alpenenseT64
         |    |--M. dunbariT64
         |    |--M. dutroi Gordon 1957P68
         |    |--M. floridaense Hook & Flower 1977K93
         |    |--M. melleni Hook & Flower 1977K93
         |    |--M. niagarenseH87
         |    |--M. primum Flower 1962K93
         |    `--M. unicameraM17
         `--Acanthomichelinoceras commutatumKE19

Pleurorthoceras Flower 1962 [incl. Foersteoceras Shimizu & Obata 1936 non Ruedemann 1925, Shimizuoceras Zhuravleva 1962]^S64

Thoracoceras Fischer de Waldheim 1844 [=Melia Fischer de Waldheim 1829 (preoc.), Mellia (l. c.) nec Schmidt 1920 nec Meyrick 1934, Thoracocerus (l. c.)]^S64

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[H87] Holland, C. H. 1987. The nautiloid cephalopods: a strange success story. Journal of the Geological Society 144 (1): 1–15.

[H84] Hyatt, A. 1883–1884. Genera of fossil cephalopods. Boston Soc. Nat. History, Proc. 22: 253–338.

[K93] King, A. H. 1993. Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Nautiloidea). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 169–188. Chapman & Hall: London.

[KE19] King, A. H., & D. H. Evans. 2019. High-level classification of the nautiloid cephalopods: a proposal for the revision of the Treatise Part K. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 138: 65–85.

[M17] Mutvei, H. 2017. The new order Mixosiphonata (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea) and related taxa; estimations of habitat depth based on shell structure. GFF 139 (3): 219–232.

[P68] Purnell, L. R. 1968. Catalog of the type specimens of invertebrate fossils. Part I: Paleozoic Cephalopoda. United States National Museum Bulletin 262: 1–198.

[S64] Sweet, W. C. 1964. Nautiloidea—Orthocerida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt K. Mollusca 3. Cephalopoda—General Features—Endoceratoidea—Actinoceratoidea—Nautiloidea—Bactritoidea pp. K216–K261. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.

[T64] Teichert, C. 1964. Morphology of hard parts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt K. Mollusca 3. Cephalopoda—General Features—Endoceratoidea—Actinoceratoidea—Nautiloidea—Bactritoidea pp. K13–K53. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.