Belongs within: Archaeorthoptera.
Contains: Bintoniellidae, Geraridae, Ensifera, Panelcanida, Pantcholmanvissiida.
The Orthoptera include the grasshoppers and allies, insects commonly characterised by the enlargement and modification of the hindlimbs for jumping. Many Orthoptera also have the forewings modified for noise production, though such structures are absent in basal fossil members of the clade and stridulatory structures and associated tympana have arisen independently in derived subgroups.
The earliest orthopterans (previously mostly classified as the paraphyletic ‘Oedischioidea’) are known from the Late Carboniferous, with the group becoming diverse in the Early Permian (Gorochov & Rasnitsyn 2002). The Late Carboniferous (Gzhelian) Oedischia williamsoni was found by Béthoux & Nel (2002) to form the sister taxon of all other Orthoptera together with the Geraridae. Oedischia williamsoni already has well-developed jumping legs, suggesting that this feature was ancestral for the Orthoptera as a whole.
The remaining ‘oedischioids’ were placed by Béthoux & Nel (2002) in the stem group to the modern Caelifera (short-horned grasshoppers) albeit with low support from largely homoplasic synapomorphies for basal members of this clade. Mesoedischia is a genus known from the Triassic of Kyrgyzstan, in which males have the posterior margin of the forewings bowed anteriorly at mid-length, and bearing a strong supplementary longitudinal vein between veins 1A and 2A. Suksunoedischia, Sylvoedischia and related genera potentially form a clade on the basis of a row of secondary cross-veins on the branches of ScP, and an anterior branch of CuA+CuPaα that reaches the posterior margin opposite the end of ScP. The Permian Mezenoedischiinae area have a series of bowed sigmoidal cross-veins between RA and RP, the area between MP and CuA+CuPaα narrower than the area between MP and MA/MA2 (at least in its basal two thirds), and CuA short basal of its fusion with CuPaα (Béthoux & Nel 2002).
Characters (Béthoux & Nel 2002): Forewing with vein MA usually differentiated into MA1 and MA2; MA1 or MA generally fused with RP; MP simple, exceptionally with few distal branches, strongly concave; CuPaβ usually simple; CuPb simple; vein 1A simple. Metathoracic legs with broadened femora.
Orthoptera (see below for synonymy)
|--+--GeraridaeBN02
| `--Oedischia [Oedischiinae]BN02
| `--O. williamsoni Brongniart 1885BN02
`--+--EnsiferaBN02
`--+--Mesoedischia Sharov 1968BN02, BNL02 [Mesoedischiidae, Mesoedischiinae]
| |--M. kirgizica Gorokhov 1987RJ93
| |--M. madygenia Sharov 1968BN02
| `--M. obliqua Gorokhov 1987BN02
`--+--+--Suksunoedischia breviuscula Gorokhov 1987BN02
| `--+--Sylvoedischia Sharov 1968BN02
| | |--S. crassa Gorokhov 1987BN02
| | `--S. uralica Sharov 1968BN02
| `--+--Sojanoedischia sharovi Gorokhov 1987BN02
| `--Stenoedischia sylvensis Gorokhov 1987BN02
`--+--Tshekardoedischia ancestralis Gorokhov 1987BN02
`--+--PanelcanidaBN02
`--+--ParoedischiaBN02 [PruvostitidaeRJ93, Tettavidae]
| `--P. recta Carpenter 1966BN02
`--+--+--Anhomalophlebia couloni Handlirsch 1919BN02
| `--Kansasoedischia maculataBN02
`--+--Elcanoedischia Gorokhov 1987BN02
| |--E. major Gorokhov 1987BN02
| `--E. minor Gorokhov 1987BN02
`--+--Metoedischia Martynov 1928BN02, BNL02
| `--M. magnifica Martynov 1928BN02
`--+--PantcholmanvissiidaBN02
`--+--Sharovoedischia aberrans (Sharov 1968)BN02
`--MezenoedischiinaeBN02
|--Petrelcana elongata Carpenter 1966BN02
`--+--Uraloedischia permiensis Sharov 1968BN02
`--+--Iasvia reticulata Zalessky 1934BN02
`--Mezenoedischia Gorokhov 1987BN02
|--M. maculosa Gorokhov 1987BN02
`--M. martynovi Gorokhov 1987BN02
Orthoptera incertae sedis:
BarytettixOF01
Agriacris trilineataFG01
Ligurotettix coquilletiF01a
Macrogryllus ephippiumF01b
ThueringoedischiidaeGR02
Phasmomimidae [Phasmomimoidea]GR02
|--Paraphasmomima sharovi Zherikhin 1985RJ93
`--Promastacoides albertaeRJ93
Hesperotettix viridisSS96
Circotettix verruculatusD37
Myrmeleotettix maculatusGT00, TS04
Pharmacus montanusO81
Allonemobius sociusR96
Dianemobius fascipesR96
ProparagryllacrididaeGR02
|--Gryllacrimima perfectaGR02
`--Proparagryllacris crassifemur Riek 1956F71
AfroedischiaGR02
Acridella nasutaD95
Dictyophorus spumansI92
Acripela reticulataI92
Euthystira brachypteraK09
Tropidostethus Philippi 1863S65
Locustana pardalinaCS77
Hyperomala virescens Serville in Boisduval 1835B35
Endecous peruassuensis Bolfarini & Bichuette 2015P-GC17
Bartitistes fischeriF92
Aeropedellus variegatusF92
Chrotogonius taranicusF92
EpacromiusF92
|--E. coerulipesF92
`--E. tergestinusF92
Pyrgodera armataF92
HeteracrisF92
|--H. littoralisPM09
`--H. pterostichaF92
Melanotmethis fuscipennisF92
Mioscirtus wagneriF92
Notostaurus albicornisF92
Mesasippus kozhevnikoviF92
Poecilocerus pictusF92
Chrysochraon disparF92
Condracris roseaC96
Mesogramma [Mesogrammatidae]RJ93
`--M. divaricata Hong 1985RJ93
BintoniellidaeRJ93
Xenogryllacris reductusRJ93
Jurassobatea gryllacroidesRJ93
KamiidaeRJ93
PromastacidaeRJ93
Triassomanteidae [Triassomantidae]RJ93
|--Triassomanteodes madygenicusRJ93
`--Orichalcum ornatum Whalley 1985RJ93
VitimiidaeRJ93
|--Vitimia Sharov 1968BN02
`--Deinovitimia insoluta Gorokhov 1989RJ93
Acacus Brunner 1907K18
Cranae Stål 1878K18
Eurycorypha variaR13
Myrmegryllus dipterusR13
Phylloscirtus macilentusR13
EnyaliopsisR13
|--E. durandiR13
`--E. petersiR13
Caloptenus italicusR13
Stauronotus maroccanusR13
Warramba virgoPN92
Pristes tuberosusB00
Xenocotantops parazernyiSH02
Moultonia Bolivar 1914M96
Anaplectella vanheurni Bruyning 1948HH73
Orthoptera [Acridii, Anelcanidae, Euorthoptera, Grillides, Grylliae, Gryllina, Oedischiidae, Oedischioidea, Oedischiidea, Parelcanidae, Saltatoria]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
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[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.
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[GR02] Gorochov, A. V., & A. P. Rasnitsyn. 2002. Superorder Gryllidea Laicharting, 1781 (=Orthopteroidea Handlirsch, 1903). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 293–303. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
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[PM09] Polidori, C., P. Mendiola, J. D. Asís, J. Tormos, M. D. García & J. Selfa. 2009. Predatory habits of the grasshopper-hunting wasp Stizus continuus (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae): diet preference, predatory-prey size relationships and foraging capacity. Journal of Natural History 43 (47–48): 2985–3000.
[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.
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