Panameriungulata

Belongs within: Euungulata.
Contains: Kollpaniinae, Litopterna.

The Panameriungulata are an extinct group of herbivorous mammals known from North and South America. Non-litoptern panameriungulates are mostly known from dental remains only. The North American ‘Mioclaeninae’ are characterised by more or less enlarged, inflated fourth premolars, and simplified premolars and molars. Mioclaenines were regarded by Muizon & Cifelli (2000) as paraphyletic to a South American clade including the Kollpaniinae, Didolodontidae and Litopterna. Synapomorphies of this latter group include a large and distinct metaconid on p4, a posteriorly deeply arched paracristid, a large and conical hypoconid, and enlarged M3s. Except the litopterns (which survived to the Pleistocene), most panameriungulates became extinct after the Eocene.

Synapomorphies (from Muizon & Cifelli 2000): Metacone of P4 present as small swelling of postparacrista; stylar shelf reduced to a labial cingulum; stylone and parastyle fused, parastylar groove absent; pre- and postcingula reaching or almost reaching para- and metastyles; lower canine reduced; entocristid with anterior extremity at lingual base of metaconid; hypoconulid and entoconid connate or fused.

Panameriungulata [Mioclaenidae, Mioclaeninae]
    |  i. s.: Wainka tshotsheMC00
    |         Valenia Muizon & Cifelli 2000MC00
    |           `--*V. wilsoni (van Valen 1978) [=Promioclaenus wilsoni]MC00
    |         Tiznatzinia Simpson 1936SM93
    |           `--T. vanderhoofi Simpson 1936 [=Promioclaenus vanderhoofi]MC00
    |         Palasiodon Tong et al. 1976SM93
    |         Victorlemoinea Ameghino 1901SM93 [SparnotheriodontidaeR06]
    |         AbdounodusR06
    |--Litaletes Simpson 1935MC00, S35
    |    `--*L. disjunctus Simpson 1935S35
    `--+--Choeroclaenus Simpson 1937MC00, SM93
       |    `--C. turgidunculus (Cope 1888)MC00
       |--Promioclaenus Trouessart 1904MC00
       |    |--P. acolytus (Cope 1882) [=Hyopsodus acolytus, Ellipsodon acolytus, Mioclaenus acolytus]MC00
       |    |--P. aquiloniusMC00
       |    |--P. gandaensis Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958V66
       |    |--P. lemuroides [=Mioclaenus lemuroides]MC00
       |    `--P. pipiringosiMC00
       `--+--Mioclaenus turgidusMC00
          |--Ellipsodon aquilonius Simpson 1935MC00, S35
          `--+--KollpaniinaeMC00
             `--DidolodontidaeMC00
                  |  i. s.: Megadolodus McKenna 1956SM93
                  |         SalladolodusR06
                  |--Lamegoia Paula Couto 1952MC00, SM93
                  |    `--L. conodonta Paula Couto 1952MC00
                  `--+--Didolodus Ameghino 1879MC00, D07 [incl. EnneoconusMC00, PaulogervaisiaMC00]
                     |    |--D. minorD07
                     |    `--D. multicuspis Ameghino 1897MC00
                     |--+--LitopternaMC00
                     |  `--Paulacoutoia Cifelli 1983MC00, SM93
                     |       `--P. protocenica (Paula Couto 1952)MC00
                     `--ErnestokokeniaMC00
                          |--E. nitida Ameghino 1901MC00
                          |--E. protocenica Paula Couto 1952MC00
                          `--E. yirunhorMC00

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[MC00] Muizon, C. de, & R. L. Cifelli. 2000. The “condylarths” (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22 (1): 47–150.

[R06] Rose, K. D. 2006. The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.

[S35] Simpson, G. G. 1935. New Paleocene mammals from the Fort Union of Montana. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 83 (2981): 221–244.

[SM93] Stucky, R. K., & M. C. McKenna. 1993. Mammalia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 739–771. Chapman & Hall: London.

[V66] Van Valen, L. 1966. Deltatheridia, a new order of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132 (1): 1–126.