Belongs within: Panicinae.
Contains: Panicum series Digitarieae, Panicum series Paniculatae.
Panicum, the panic grasses, is a large and diverse genus of grasses, and quite possibly polyphyletic (Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001). Inflorescences are an open panicle with fertile florets lacking basal appendages (Gardner 1952). Panicum miliaceum, small millet or broom corn, and some other species are grown as grain crops. Other species of Panicum are used as fodder grasses.
Exemplars include the tapered rosette grass Panicum acuminatum, a perennial New World species in which basal leaves are shorter and often wider than cauline leaves, forming a well-developed basal rosette. Panicum hillmanii, a native of the North American Great Plains, is distinguished by a crescent-shaped scar at the base of the upper floret lemma (Hickman 1993). The blue panic grass P. antidotale is a native of India that has become a noxious weed outside its native range; it is a perennial species with membranous, ciliate ligules and glabrous spikelets (Hickman 1993).
Members of the series Paspaloideae bear sessile or very shortly pedicellate spikelets in one or two rows along the short, simple spikes of the panicle (Bentham 1978).
Characters (Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial. Stems generally erect; internode solid to hollow inside. Leaves basal and cauline; sheath glabrous or hairy; ligule short-hairy or membranous, ciliate, hairs generally longer than membrane. Inflorescence panicle-like, generally open; primary branches spreading to ascending; secondary branches spreading to appressed; spikelets many, one or two per node, generally stalked, on one side of axis or not, stalk tip expanded, one side concave. Spikelet falling as one unit, more or less compressed, generally green to purplish; glumes generally unequal, lower generally shorter than upper, free, clasping, upper glume more or less equal to spikelet, membranous, more or less thin; florets 2, lower sterile or staminate, lemma texture like glumes, upper floret fertile, lemma leathery to hard, firm, generally shiny, smooth to rough, margin inrolled, tip blunt, palea enclosed by lemma margin.
Panicum L. 1753K15 [incl. CoridochloaB78, Yakirra Lazarides & Webster 1985K15]
`--P. subg. Eu-Panicum sect. StoloniferaS57
|--P. biglandulareS57
|--P. crateriferum Sohns 1957S57
`--P. pulchellumS57
Panicum incertae sedis:
P. acuminatumH93
|--P. a. var. acuminatum [incl. P. huachucae, P. occidentale, P. pacificum, P. shastense, P. thermale]H93
`--P. a. var. lindheimeriH93
P. annulumV72
P. arizonicumM68
P. auritumRC02
‘Yakirra’ australiensisLK14
P. bergiiS06
P. bicknelliiV72
P. bisulcatumGPWG01
P. borealeV72
|--P. b. var. borealeV72
`--P. b. var. michiganenseV72
P. bosciiV72
P. calliphyllumV72
P. capillareGPWG01
|--P. c. var. capillareM68
`--P. c. var. occidentale non P. occidentaleM68
P. clandestinumV72
P. coloratumGR98
P. columbianum [incl. P. tsugetorum]V72
P. commonsianumV72
|--P. c. var. commonsianumV72
`--P. c. var. euchlamydeumV72
P. commutatumV72
|--P. c. var. commutatumV72
`--P. c. var. asheiV72
P. cymbiforme Hughes 1923G52
P. deamiiV72
P. debileS06
|--P. d. var. debileS06
`--P. d. var. aequiglumeS06
P. delicatum Hughes 1923G52
P. depauperatumV72
|--P. d. var. depauperatumV72
`--P. d. var. involutum [incl. P. depauperatum var. psilophyllum]V72
P. dichotomiflorumH93
P. dichotomum [incl. P. barbulatum]V72
P. digitariaC55
P. divaricatumS06
P. enneaneurumS06
P. enodeB78
P. flexileV72
P. fluitansB78
P. framentaceumF92
P. fuscumS06
P. glabrumC06 [incl. Paspalum ambiguumT08]
P. glutinosumSWK87
P. grandeF11
P. hillmaniiH93
P. hirticauleH93
P. implicatum [incl. P. tennesseense]V72
P. incomptumB78
P. insulare [=Tricholaena insularis, Milium lanatum]S06
|--P. i. var. insulareS06
|--P. i. var. lachnanthumS06
|--P. i. var. penicilligerumS06
|--P. i. var. sacchariflorumS06
`--P. i. var. tenerrimumS06
P. javanicumB78
P. laevifoliumG52
P. latifoliumS06
P. leibergiiV72
P. (sect. Ptychophyllum) lilloi Hackel in Stuckert 1906S06
P. lindheimeriV72
P. linearifoliumV72
|--P. l. var. linearifoliumV72
`--P. l. var. werneriV72
P. loreumRJ11
P. lucidumV72 [incl. [incl. P. maculatum Reichb. ex Schlechtd. 1831V72, S06]
‘Yakirra’ majusculaLK14
P. matsumuraeS06
P. meridionaleV72
P. microcarponV72
P. milioides [incl. P. anceps, P. hians, P. megapotamicum]S06
P. mindanaenseLK14
P. monostachyumS06 [=P. leucophoeum var. monostachyumB78]
P. nepheliphilumK15
P. nodosumRC02
P. oligosanthesH93
|--P. o. var. oligosanthesH93
`--P. o. var. scribnerianumH93
P. ovuliferumS06
P. paspaloidesB78
‘Yakirra’ paucifloraLK14
P. pearsoniiCV06
P. perlongumV72
P. philadelphicum [incl. P. gattingeri, P. tuckermanii]V72
P. platyphyllumS06
P. plicatumB78
P. praecociusV72
P. prionitesF11
P. pseudopubescensV72
P. psilopodiumP03
P. racemosumCLB06
P. radicansRC02
P. rigidulum [incl. P. agrostoides (nom. illeg.)]V72
P. sanguinaleS06 [=Digitaria sanguinalisY98; incl. D. marginataG52]
|--P. s. var. sanguinaleS06
|--P. s. var. ciliareS06 [=Digitaria ciliarisLK14]
|--P. s. var. digitatumS06
|--P. s. var. microbachneC06
`--P. s. var. vulgare non P. crus-galli var. vulgareS06
P. sarmentosumRC02
P. scoparioidesV72
P. seminudumLK14
|--P. s. var. seminudumLK14
`--P. s. var. cairnsianumLK14
P. sonorumK15
P. spectabile [=Oplismenus spectabilis; incl. P. phyllanthum]S06
|--P. s. var. spectabileS06
`--P. s. var. helodesS06
P. sphaerocarponV72
P. spretumV72
P. stagniumF92
P. stramineumK15
P. subvillosumV72
P. sumatrenseF92
P. texanumACW01
P. trigonumB78
P. turgidumAGF98
P. uncinatum [incl. P. glandulosum, P. heteranthum]S06
P. urvilleanum [incl. P. chloroleucum, P. jaboncillo, P. patagonicum]S06
|--P. u. f. urvilleanumS06
`--P. u. f. panicula-expansa Stuckert 1906S06
P. velutinosumS06
|--P. v. f. velutinosumS06
`--P. v. f. violascensS06
P. villosissimumV72
P. virgatumGPWG01
|--P. v. var. virgatumV72
`--P. v. var. cubenseV72
P. whitei Black 1917G52
P. xalapenseJ87
P. xanthophysumV72
P. yadkinenseV72
P. ser. DigitarieaeB78
P. (ser. Myuroideae) myurus [=Hymenachne myurus; incl. P. interruptum]B78
P. ser. PaniculataeB78
P. ser. PaspaloideaeB78
|--P. argenteumB78
|--P. flavidumB78
| |--P. f. var. flavidumB78
| `--P. f. var. tenuiorB78
|--P. gilesiiB78
|--P. helopus [incl. Urochloa panicoides, U. pubescens]B78
|--P. piligerumB78
|--P. polyphyllumB78
`--P. reversumB78
P. (ser. Trichachneae) gibbosumB78
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.
[ACW01] Aguilar, H., C. C. Childers & W. C. Welbourn. 2001. Relative abundance and seasonal occurrence of mites in the family Tydeidae on citrus in Florida. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress pp. 376–380. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.
[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.
[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.
[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.
[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.
[CLB06] Cutrera, A. P., E. A. Lacey & C. Busch. 2006. Intraspecific variation in effective population size in talar tuco-tucos (Ctenomys talarum): the role of demography. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 108–116.
[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.
[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.
[G52] Gardner, C. A. 1952. Flora of Western Australia vol. 1 pt 1. Gramineae. William H. Wyatt: Perth.
[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (3): 373–457.
[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist notulae, 17. Willdenowia 28: 163–174.
[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).
[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.
[K15] Kellogg, E. A. 2015. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol. 13. Flowering Plants: Monocots: Poaceae. Springer.
[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.
[M68] Munz, P. A. 1968. Supplement to a California Flora. University of California Press.
[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.
[RC02] Ridley, H. N., & C. Curtis. 1902. Malay plant names. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 38: 39–122.
[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.
[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.
[S57] Sohns, E. R. 1957. New grasses from Mexico. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (12): 376–388.
[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 409–555.
[T08] Turner, F. 1908. Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 344.
[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.
[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.