Belongs within: Lecanoromycetidae.
Contains: Peltigeraceae, Lobariaceae.
The Peltigerineae are a clade of lichen-forming fungi which may grow in association with either one or two varieties photosynthetic organisms. If only a single photobiont is present, it will usually be a cyanobacterium (rarely a green alga); if two are present, they will be a cyanobacterium and a green alga, with the green alga dominant and cyanobacteria restricted to internal or external cephalodia (Miadlikowska & Lutzoni 2004). A number of species in the Peltigerineae are large and conspicuous, and have been used as indicators for determining ecological health.
Within the Peltigerineae, members of the genus Nephroma have a nassasceous ascus lacking an amyloid apical structure (Miadlikowska & Lutzoni 2004).
Characters (Miadlikowska & Lutzoni 2004): Thalli foliose, subfructicose or granular-squamulose; rhizines or tomentum present on lower side of thalus; ascospores predominantly multiseptate, colorless or brown, formed in asci with reactive a-layer and thick c-layer; paraphyses mostly unbranched, free.
<==Peltigerineae
|--+--PeltigeraceaeML04
| `--+--Lobariella pallidaSS09
| `--LobariaceaeML04
`--+--Massalongia Körb. 1855ML04, KC01 [incl. Massalongomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953KC01]
| `--M. carnosaML04
`--Nephroma Ach. 1810ML04, KC01 (see below for synonymy)
| i. s.: N. analogumM60
| N. aurataBS-V28
| N. australe Rich. 1832M60
| |--N. a. var. australe (see below for synonymy)M60
| | |--N. a. var. a. f. australeM60
| | `--N. a. var. a. f. homalodes (Nyl.) Murray 1960 (see below for synonymy)M60
| `--N. a. var. rigidum Murray 1960M60
| N. cellulosum (Sm.) Ach. 1810 [=Lichen cellulosus Sm. apud Ach. 1803, Nephromium cellulosum Nyl. 1860]M60
| |--N. c. var. cellulosumM60
| `--N. c. var. isidioferum Murray 1960M60
| N. helveticum Ach. 1810 [=Nephromium helveticum Nyl. 1888; incl. N. denticulatum, N. tropicum]M60
| |--N. h. var. helveticum [incl. N. resupinata var. papyracea Ach. of Hook. 1855]M60
| `--N. h. var. rufum (Bab.) Murray 1960 (see below for synonymy)M60
| N. lyalliiM60
| |--N. l. f. lyallii Bab. apud Hooker 1855 [incl. N. javanicum Gyelnik 1931]M60
| `--N. l. f. isidiatum Murray 1960M60
| N. parileLK04
|--N. resupinatumML04
`--+--N. arcticumML04
`--N. bellumML04
Nephroma Ach. 1810ML04, KC01 [incl. Dermatodea Vent. 1799KC01, Nephromatomyces Thomas 1939 (nom. inv.)KC01, Nephromiomyces Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. 1953KC01, Nephromium Nyl. 1860KC01, Opisteria (Ach.) Vain. 1909KC01, Ornatinephroma Gyeln. 1934KC01; Nephromataceae]
Nephroma australe Rich. 1832 var. australe [incl. N. homanii Gyelnik 1931, N. resupinata var. pruinosa Mont. 1837-1840, N. schizocarpum Nyl. 1860, N. antarcticum var. tenue Nyl. 1860]M60
Nephroma australe var. australe f. homalodes (Nyl.) Murray 1960 [=N. homalodes Nyl. 1888; incl. N. antarcticum Hellbom 1896, N. neozelandicum Gyelnik apud Zahlbruckner 1941, N. zelandicum f. squamicolum Gyelnik 1938, N. zelandicum Gyelnik 1938]M60
Nephroma helveticum var. rufum (Bab.) Murray 1960 [=Nephroma resupinatum var. rufa Bab. in Hooker 1855, Nephromium helveticum var. rufum Nyl. apud Hue 1890, Nephromium laevigatum var. rufum Nyl. 1860; incl. Nephromium laevigatum Hooker 1867]M60
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BS-V28] Bory de Saint-Vincent, J. B. 1828. Voyage Autour du Monde, Exécuté par Ordre du Roi, Sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Botanique. Cryptogamie. Arthus Bertrand: Paris.
[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 9th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O’Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446–1480.
[ML04] Miadlikowska, J., & F. Lutzoni. 2004. Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 449–464.
[M60] Murray, J. 1960. Studies on New Zealand lichens. Part III.—The family Peltigeraceae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 381–399.
[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O’Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.